Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 Promulgated

Following is the text of Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 promulgated by the President on February 3, 2013.

THE CRIMINAL LAW (AMENDMENT) ORDINANCE, 2013

Promulgated by the President in the Sixty-fourth Year of the Republic of India.

An Ordinance further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

WHEREAS a Bill further to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 was introduced in the House of the People and referred to the Department related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs for examination and report which is pending;

AND WHEREAS Parliament is not in session and the President is satisfied that circumstances exist which render it necessary for him to take immediate action to give effect to the provisions of the said Bill with certain modifications;

NOW, THEREFORE, in exercise of the powers conferred by clause (1) of article 123 of the Constitution, the President is pleased to promulgate the following Ordinance:––

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1. (1) This Ordinance may be called the Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013.

(2) It shall come into force at once.

CHAPTER II

AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN PENAL CODE

2. In the Indian Penal Code (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as the Penal Code), in section 100, in the clause Secondly, after the words “grievous hurt”, the words “including the offence of grievous hurt punishable under section 326A” shall be inserted.

3. After section 166 of the Penal Code, the following section shall be inserted, namely:––

“166A. Whoever, being a public servant,––

(a) knowingly disobeys any direction of the law which prohibits him from requiring the attendance at any place of any person for the purpose of investigation into an offence or any other matter, or

(b) knowingly disobeys, to the prejudice of any person, any other direction of the law regulating the manner in which he shall conduct such investigation, or

(c) fails to record any information given to him under sub-section (1) of section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and in particular inrelation to cognizable offence punishable under section 354, section354A, section 354B, section 354C, sub-section (2) of section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, secti on 376D or section 37 6E, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine or with both.”.

4. After section 326 of the Penal Code, the following sections shall be inserted, namely:––

‘326A. Whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or maims or disfigures or disables, any part or parts of the body of a person or causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or by administering acid to that person, or by using any other means with the intention of causing or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees:

Provided that any fine imposed under this section shall be given to the person on whom acid was thrown or to whom acid was administered.

326B. Whoever throws or attempts to throw acid on any person or attempts to administer acid to any person, or attempts to use any other means, with the intention of causing permanent or partial damage or deformity or burns or maiming or disfigurement or disability or grievous hurt to that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Expla nation 1.–– For the purposes of secti on 326A and this section,“acid” includes any substance which has acidic or corrosive character or burningnature, that is capable of causing bodily injury leading to scars or disfigurement or temporary or permanent disability.

Expla nation 2.–– “Permanent or partial damage” includes deformi ty, ormaiming, or burning, or disfiguring, or disabling any part or parts of the body of aperson.

Expla nation 3.–– For the purposes of section 326A and this section, permanent or partial damage or deformity shall not be required to beirreversible.’.

5. In section 354 of the Penal Code, for the words “shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both”, the words “shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term of one year which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine” shall be substituted.

6. After section 354 of the Penal Code, the following sections shall be inserted, namely:––

‘354A. (1) The following acts or behaviour shall constitute the offence of sexual harassment––

(i) physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or

(ii) a demand or request for sexual favours; or

(iii) making sexually coloured remarks; or

(iv) forcibly showing pornography; or

(v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.

(2) Any person who c ommits the offence specified in clause (i) or clause (ii) of su b-section (1) shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment which may extendto five years, or with fine, or with both.

(3) Any person who c ommits the offence specified in clause (iii) or clause (iv) or clause (v) of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of eitherdescription that may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

354B. Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets suchact with the intention of disrobing or compelling her to be naked in any publicplace, shall be punished with impris onment of either description for a term whichshall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine.

354C. Whoever watches, or captures the image of, a woman engaging in apri vate act in circumstances where she would usually have the expec tation of notbeing observed either by the perpetrator or by any other person at the behest ofthe perpetrator shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of eitherdescription for a term which shall not be less than one year, but which may extendto three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a second orsu bsequent c onviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term whichshall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Expla nation 1.–– For the purposes of this section, “private act” includes an act of watching carried out in a place which, in the circums tances, would reasona bly beexpected to pro vide privacy, and where the victim's genitals, buttocks orbreasts are exposed or covered only in underwear; or the victim is using a lavatory; or the person is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done inpu blic.

Expla nation 2.–– Where the vic tim consents to the capture of images or any act, but not to their dissemination to third persons and where such image or act is disseminated, such dissemination shall be considered an offence under thissection.

354D. (1) Whoever follows a pers on and contacts, or attempts to contact suchperson to foster personal interaction repeatedly, despite a clear indication ofdisinterest by such person, or whoever monitors the use by a person of theinternet, email or any other form of electronic communication, or watches orspies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm ordistress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of suchperson, commits the offence of stalking:

Provided that the course of conduct will not amount to stalking if theperson who pursued it sho ws––

(i) that it was pursued f or the purpose of preventing or detecting crime and the person accused of stalking had been entrusted with theresp onsibility of prevention and detecti on of crime by the state; or

(ii) that it was pursued under any law or to comply with any condition orrequirement imposed by any person under any law; or

(iii) that in the particular circumstances the pursuit of the course ofc onduct was reasonable.

(2) Whoever c ommits the offence of stalking shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one yearbut which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.’.

7. For section 370 of the Penal Code, the following sections shall be substituted, namely:––

‘370. (1) Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation, (a) recruits, (b) transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a person or persons, by––

First.–– using threats, or

Secondly.–– using force, or any other form of coercion, or

Thirdly.–– by abduction, or

Fourthly.–– by practising fraud, or deception, or

Fifthly.–– by abuse of power, or

Sixthly.–– by inducement, including the giving or receiving of paymentsor benefits, in order to achieve the consent of any person having control over the person recruited, transported, harboured, transferred or received,

commits the offence of trafficking.

Expla nation 1.–– The expression “exploitation” shall include, prostitution orother forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practicessimilar to slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs.

Expla nation 2.–– The consent of the victim is immaterial in a determination ofthe offence of trafficking.

(2) Whoever commits the offence of trafficking shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years, butwhich may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

(3) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one person, itshall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be lessthan ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

(4) Where the offence involves the trafficking of a minor, it shall bepunisha ble with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than tenyears but which may extend to imprisonment for life.

(5) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one minor at thesame time, it shall be punisha ble with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shallnot be less than fourteen years but which may extend to imprisonment for life.

(6) When a public ser vant including police officer is involved in the traffickingof a minor then such public servant shall be punished wi th imprisonment for life,which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life.

(7If a person is convicted of the offence of trafficking of minors, on morethan one occasion, then such person shall be punished with imprisonment forlife, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life.

370A. (1) Whoever, despite knowing, or having reason to believe that achild has been trafficked, employs such child in any form of labour, shall bepunished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than fiveyears but which may extend to seven years, and with fine.

(2) Whoever, despite knowing or having reason to believe that an adult hasbeen trafficked, employs such adult forlabour, shall be punished with rigorousimprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which mayextend to five years,

and shall also be liable to fine.’.

8. For sections 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C and 376D of the Penal Code, the following sections shall be substituted, namely:––

‘375. A person is said to commit “sexual assault” if that person––

(a) penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or

(b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of the body, not being the penis, into the vagina, the urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or

(c) manipulates any part of the body of another person so as to cause penetration into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or

(d) applies his mouth to the penis, vagina, anus, urethra of another person or makes such person to do so with him or any other person;

(e) touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the person or makes the person touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of that person or any other person,

except where such penetration or touching is carried out for proper hygienic or medical purposes under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions:––

First.–– Against the other person’s will.

Secondly. –– Without the other person’s consent.

Thirdly. –– With the other person’s consent when such consent has been obtained by putting such other person or any person in whom such other person is interested, in fear of death or of hurt.

Fourthly. –– When the person assaulted is a female, with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes to be lawfully married.

Fifthly.–– With the consent of the other person when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by that person personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, the other person is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that action to which such other person gives consent.

Sixthly. –– With or without the other person’s consent, when such other person is under eighteen years of age.

Seventhly. –– When the person is unable to communicate consent.

Explanation 1.–– Penetration to any extent is “penetration” for the purposes of this section.

Explanation 2.–– For the purposes of this section, “vagina” shall also includelabia majora.

Expla nation 3.–– Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement whenthe person by words, gestures or any form of non-verbal communication,communicates willingness to participate in the specific act:

Provided that, a person who does not physically resist to the act ofpenetration shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenting tothe sexual activity.

Exception.–– Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under sixteen years of age, is not sexual assault.

376. (1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by sub-section (2), commits sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

(2) Whoever,––

(a) being a police officer, commits sexual assault –

(i) within the limits of the police station to which such police officer is appointed; or

(ii) in the premises of any station house; or

(iii) on a person in such police officer’s custody or in the custody of a police officer subordinate to such police officer; or

(b) being a public servant, commits sexual assault on a person in such public servant’s custody or in the custody of a public servant subordinate to such public servant; or

(c) being a member of the armed forces is in the area by virtue ofdeployment by the Central or a State Gove rnment, commits sexual assault; or

(d) being on the management or on the staff of a jail, remand home or other place of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force or of a women’s or children’s institution, commits sexual assault on any inmate of such jail, remand home, place or institution; or

(e) being on the management or on the staff of a hospital, commits sexual assault on a person in that hospital; or

(f) being a relative, guardian or teacher of, or a person in a position of trust or authority towards, the person assaulted, commits sexual assault on such person; or

(g) commits sexual assault on a woman knowing her to be pregnant; or

(h) commits sexual assault on a person when such person is under eighteen years of age; or

(i) commi ts sexual assault, where the person assaulted is incapable ofgiving consent; or

(j) being in a position of economic or social dominance, commits sexual assault on a person under such dominance; or

(k) commits sexual assault on a person suffering from mental or physical disability; or

(l) while committing sexual assault causes grievous bodily harm or maims or disfigures or endangers the life of a person; or

(m) commits persistent sexual assault,shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation 1.–– For the purposes of this sub-section,––

(a) “women’s or children’s institution” means an institution, whether called an orphanage or a home for neglected women or children or a widow’s home or an institution called by any other name, which is established and maintained for the reception and care of women or children;

(b) “hospital” means the precincts of the hospital and includes the precincts of any institution for the reception and treatment of persons during convalescence or of persons requiring medical attention or rehabilitation;

(c) “p olice officer” shall have the same meaning as assigned to the expression “police” under the Police Act, 1861;

(d) “armed forces” means the naval, military and air forces and includes any member of the Armed Forces constituted under any Act for the time being in force, including the paramilitary forces and any auxiliary forces thatare under the control of the Central Government or the State Government.

Explanation 2.–– Where a person is subjected to sexual assault by one or more persons in a group of persons acting in furtherance of their common intention, each of the persons in the group shall be deemed to have committed sexual assault within the meaning of this sub-section.

376A. Whoever, commits an offence punishable under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 376 and in the course of such commission inflictsan injury which causes the dea th of the person or causes the person to be in apersistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a termwhich shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s naturallife, or with death.

376B. Whoever commits sexual assault on his own wife, who is living separately under a decree of separation or under any custom or usage, without her consent, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description, for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

376C. Whoever,––

(a) being in a position of authority or in a fiduciary relationship; or

(b) a public servant; or

(c) superintendent or manager of a jail, remand home or other place of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force, or a women’s or children’s institution; or

(d) being on the management of a hospital or being on the staff of a hospital, and abuses such position or fiduciary relationship to induce or seduce any person either in the first mentioned person’s custody or under the first mentioned person’s charge or present in the premises and has sexual intercourse with that person, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation 1.–– In this section, “sexual intercourse” shall mean any of the acts mentioned in clauses (a) to (c) of section 375.

Explanation 2. –– For the purposes of this section, Explanations 1 and 2 to section 375 shall also be applicable.

Explanation 3.–– “Superintendent”, in relation to a jail, remand home or other place of custody or a women’s or children’s institution, includes a person holding any other office in such jail, remand home, place or institution by virtue of which such person can exercise any authority or control over its inmates.

Explanation 4.–– The expressions “hospital” and “women’s or children’s institution” shall respectively have the same meaning as in Explanation 1 to sub-section (2) of section 376.

376D. Where a person is sexually assaulted by one or more persons constituting a group or acting in furtherance of a common intention, each of thosepersons shall be deemed to have committed the offence of sexual assault, regardless of gender and shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment foraterm which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to lifeand shall pay compensation to the victim which shall be reasonable to meet themedical expenses and rehabilitation of the victim.

Expla nation.–– For the purposes of this section, imprisonment for life shallmean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life.

376E. Whoever has been previously convicted of an offence punishable undersection 376 or section 376A or section 376C or se ction 376D and is subsequentlyconvicted of an offence punishable under any of the said sections shall bepunished with impris onment for life, which shall mean the remainder of thatperson’s natural life or with death.’.

9. In section 509 of the Penal Code, for the words “shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both”, the words “shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine” shall be substituted.

CHAPTER III

AMENDMENTS TO THE CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, 1973.

10. In the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as the Code of Criminal Procedure), in section 54A, the following proviso shall be inserted, namely:––

“Provided that, if the person identifying the person arrested is mentally orphysically disabled, such process of identification shall take place under the supervision of a Judicial Magistrate who shall take appropriate steps to ensure thatsuch person identifies the person arrested using methods that the person iscomf ortable with:

Provided further, that if the person identifying the person arres ted is mentally orphysically disabled, the identification process may be videographed.”.

11. In section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in sub-section (1), the following provisos shall be inserted, namely:––

“Provided that if the information is given by the woman against whom an offence under section 326A, section 326B, section 354, section 375, section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376E and section 509 of the Indian Penal Code is alleged to have been committed or attempted, then such information shall be recorded, as far as possible, by a woman police officer andsuch woman shall be provided legal assistance and also the assistance of ahealthcare worker or women’s organisation or both:

Provided further that––

(a) in the event that the person against wh om an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 376, sec tion 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code is alleged to have beencommitted or attempted is temporarily or permanently mentally or physicallydisabled, then such information shall be recorded by a police officer, at theresidence of the person seeking to report such offence or at a convenient placeof such person’s choice, in the presence of a special educator or an interpreter,as the case may be;

(b) the recording of such information may be videographed.

(c) the police officer shall get the statement of the person recordedby a Judicial Magistrate under clause (a) of sub-section (5A) of section164 as soon as possible.”.

12. In section 160 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in sub-section (1), in the proviso, for the words “under the age of fifteen years or woman”, the words “under the age of eighteen years or above the age of sixty-five years or a woman or a physically ormentally disabled person” shall be substituted.

13. In section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in sub-section (3), after the proviso, the following proviso shall be inserted, namely:––

“Provided further that the statement of a woman against whom an offence under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, section 354D, section 375, section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D, section 376E or section 509 of the Indian Penal Code is alleged to have been committed or attempted shall be recorded, as far as possible, by a woman police officer.”.

14. In section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, after sub-section (5), the following sub-section shall be inserted, namely:––

“(5A) (a) In cases punishable under section 354, section 354A, section 354B, sub-section (2) of section 354C, sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code, the Judicial Magistrate shall record the statement of the person against whom such offence has been committed in the manner prescribed in sub-section (5), as soon as the commission of the offence is brought to the notice of the police:

Provided that if the person making the statement is temporarily or permanently physically or mentally disabled, the Magistrate shall take the assistance of an interpreter or a special educator in recording the statement:

Provided further that if the person making the statement is temporarily or permanently physically or mentally disabled, the statement made by the person, with the assistance of an interpreter or special educator, may be videographed;

(b) a statement recorded under clause (a) of a person who is temporarily or permanently physically or mentally disabled shall be considered a statement in lieu of examination-in-chief, as specified in section 137 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 such that the maker of the statement can be cross-examined on such statement, without the need for recording the same at the time of trial.

15. After section 198A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the following section shall be inserted, namely:––

“198B. No Court shall take c ognizance of an offence under section 376B ofthe Indian Penal Code where the persons are in a marital relationship, except uponprima facie satisfaction of the facts which constitute the offence upon a complainthaving been filed or made by the wife against the accused husband.”.

16. In section 273 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, before the Explanation, the following proviso shall be inserted, namely:––

“Provided that where the evidence of a person below the age of eighteen years who is alleged to have been subjected to sexual assault or any other sexual offence, is to be recorded, the court may take appropriate measures to ensure that such person is not confronted by the accused while at the same time ensuring the right of cross-examination of the accused.”.

17. In section 327 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in sub-section (2), for the words, figures and letters “trial of rape or an offence under section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C or section 376D of the Indian Penal Code”, the words, figures and letters “trial of sexual assault or an offence under section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code” shall be substituted.

18. In the First Schedule to the Code of Criminal Procedure, under the heading “1.-OFFENCES UNDER THE INDIAN PENAL CODE”,––

(a) after the entries relating to section 166, the following entries shall be inserted, namely:––

(b) after the entries relating to section 326, the following entries shall be inserted, namely:––

(c) for the entries relating to section 354, the following entries shall be substituted, namely:––

(d) for the entries relating to sections 370, the following entries shall be substituted, namely:––

(e) for the entries relating to sections 376, 376A, 376B, 376C and 376D, the following entries shall be substituted, namely:––

(f) entry relating to section 509, in column 3, for the words “Simple imprisonment for one year, or fine, or both,”, the words “Simple imprisonment for 3 years and with fine” shall be substituted.

CHAPTER IV

AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN EVIDENCE ACT, 1872

19. After section 53 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as the Evidence Act), the following section shall be inserted, namely:––

“53A. In a prosecution for an offence under section 354, section 3 54A, section 354B, section 354C, sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is in issue, evidence of the character of the victim or of such person’s previous sexual experience with any person shall not be relevant on the issue of such consent or the quality of consent.”.

20. For section 114A of the Evidence Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely:––

‘114A. In a prosecution for sexual assault under clause (a), clause (b), clause (c), clause (d), clause (e), clause (f), clause (g), clause (h), clause (i), clause (j), clause (k), clause (l) or clause (m) of sub-section (2) of section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, where sexual intercourse by the accused is proved and the question is whether it was without the consent of the other person alleged to have been sexually assaulted and such other person states in that person’s evidence before the court that such person did not consent, the court shall presume that such person did not consent.

Explanation.–– In this section “sexual intercourse” shall mean any of the acts mentioned in clauses (a) to (c) of section 375 of the Indian Penal Code.’.

21. For section 119 of the Evidence Act, the following section shall be substituted, namely:––

“119. A witness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner in which he can make it intelligible, as by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written and the signs made in open Court, evidence so given shall be deemed to be oral evidence:

Provided that if the witness is una ble to communicate verbally, the Court shall take the assistance of a special educator or interpreter in recording the statement,and such statement may be videographed.”.

22. In section 146 of the Evidence Act, for the proviso, the following proviso shall be substituted, namely:––

“Provided that in a prosecution for an offence under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 376, section 376A, section 376B, section 376C, section 376D or section 376E of the Indian Penal Code or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is an issue, it shall not be permissible to adduce evidence or to put questions in the cross-examination of the victim as to the general immoral character, or previous sexual experience, of such victim with any person for proving such consent or the quality of consent.”.

The President of India has accorded his assent to the Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013 on 3rd February, 2013.