IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CRIMINAL APPEAL NO.895 OF 2003
Rajbabu & Anr. .... Appellants
Versus
State of M.P. .... Respondent
JUDGMENT
Dr. Mukundakam Sharma, J.
1. By this Judgment and order we propose to dispose of the appeal filed by
the appellants against the judgment and order dated 23-9-2002 of the High
Court of Madhya Pradesh at Jabalpur whereby the Learned Single Judge
dismissed the appeal filed by the appellants against the judgment and
order dated 17-6-1989 of the Learned Additional Sessions Judge, Khurai,
convicting the appellants under the provisions of Sections 306 and 498A
of the Indian Penal Code (for short `the IPC') and sentencing each of them
to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years on each count.
2. The deceased, Shanti Bai, daughter of Janak Rani (PW.1) and Gyan Das
(PW.2) was married to Rajbabu-appellant No.1 two years prior to the date
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of occurrence. On 17.7.1988 Shanti Bai set herself on fire in her
matrimonial home and she died because of burn injuries received by her.
At the time when the occurrence took place the Appellant No.2, Smt.
Munnibai (mother-in-law of the deceased) had gone to fetch water from
the well. The husband of Appellant No.2, Shri Jagat Bandhu (father-in-
law of the deceased), who was acquitted by the trial court, was away to
some other place, whereas Appellant No.1 had gone for cutting wood
from the forest. Appellant No.1 immediately coming to know about the
incident came back and lodged the first information report at police
station Bhangarh which was recorded by the Head Constable Narbada
Prasad, who was examined as PW.9 during the trial. The said report
which was lodged by the appellant No.1 was exhibited during the trial and
was marked as Ex. P.16. The deceased was carried to the railway station
Karonda for being taken to the Government Hospital at Bina for
treatment. The police station Incharge, Mr. Ashok Chourasia (PW.8), also
arrived at the railway station and recorded the dying declaration, wherein
it was noted that Shanti Bai died in the accidental fire while cooking food
in the house. In the said dying declaration the deceased exculpated all the
members of her matrimonial home. Immediately thereafter she died at the
railway station itself. The police thereafter sent the body for post mortem
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examination which was conducted and exhibited as Ex. P.20 during the
trial. According to the said post mortem report the deceased suffered 90%
burns which were found to be ante mortem. The police thereafter started
investigation and on completion thereof, submitted a charge-sheet against
Rajbabu-appellant No.1, Smt. Munnibai-appellant No. 2, who is mother of
appellant No.1 and Jagat Bandhu, father of the appellant No.1 under
Sections 306 and 498A of the IPC. On the basis of the aforesaid charge-
sheet, charges were framed against all the three accused-appellants under
Sections 306 and 498A of the IPC for treating the deceased with cruelty
and abetting her to commit suicide as a result of which allegedly she
committed suicide.
3. During the course of the trial, altogether eight witnesses were examined in
order to prove the charges against the accused persons. Trial court after
hearing the arguments and on appreciation of the evidence on record
acquitted accused No.3, the father of the Appellant No.1, whereas an
order was passed convicting appellant No.1 and appellant No.2 under
Sections 306 and 498A of the IPC after holding that offences against both
of them are proved beyond reasonable doubt. The learned trial court
thereafter passed an order of sentence, sentencing both the appellants to
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undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years on each count. Both the
sentences were to run concurrently. No fine was imposed. Against the
aforesaid judgment both the appellants filed an appeal before the High
Court which was dismissed by its judgment on 23rd September, 2002.
Being aggrieved by the said judgment this appeal has been filed by the
appellants. During the course of the trial they were granted bail. In the
present appeal order was passed by this Court enlarging them on bail.
4. We have heard the learned counsel appearing for the appellants.
However, counsel for the respondent-State did not appear in the hearing
of the appeal although her name was shown in the daily cause list.
Counsel appearing for the appellants at the very outset brought to our
notice that Appellant No.1, namely, Rajbabu son of Jagat Bandhu had
died on 27th September, 2005 at village Sabgah. The said appellant
having died, the appeal filed by him stands disposed off having been
abated and therefore having been rendered infructuous. This appeal,
therefore, survives only so far as accused/appellant No.2, namely, Smt.
Munni Bai is concerned.
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5. Learned counsel appearing for the appellant, Smt. Munni Bai submitted
that the deceased had died of burn injuries received by her while she was
cooking food in the kitchen in her matrimonial home and that it is clearly
established from the records that all the other members of the family, at
the time of occurrence were not present. It was also submitted that the
prosecution case itself indicates that appellant No. 2 had gone out of the
house for fetching water and, therefore, she could not have been held
guilty for an offence either under Section 306 or 498A of the IPC. He
further submitted that the only incriminating evidence that could be said
to be available against her is the letter which was allegedly written by the
deceased and was exhibited as Ex. P.1 and a dying declaration which was
recorded by Shri Ashok Choursia, the investigating officer who was
examined as PW 8. It was submitted by him that none of the aforesaid
documents pin point the guilt of the appellant in the act of commission of
suicide by the deceased.
6. We have considered the aforesaid submissions in the light of the record
including the evidence adduced on behalf of the prosecution. There is no
eye witness to the occurrence of the act of suicide committed by the
deceased who was the daughter-in-law as she was the only person
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available at the relevant time in the matrimonial home. At that point of
time she was cooking food for all the members of the family who had
gone out of the house. Her husband, appellant No.1 had gone to the forest
for collecting wood whereas her father-in-law, who was original accused
No.3 had gone out of the house for some other work and whereas the sole
appellant before us, had gone out of the house to fetch water. The only
evidence that has been produced and was used for leveling accusations
against the present appellant was the dying declaration and the contents of
Ex. P.1 which is stated to be a letter written by the deceased. Some of the
witnesses like PW 1 and PW 3, the family members of the parental home
of the deceased have stated in their deposition about the alleged ill-
treatment meted out to the deceased by the in-laws family. Let us therefore
analyse and appreciate the said pieces of evidence as available on record.
7. The dying declaration was recorded on 17.7.1988 at about 12.45 hrs. by
the investigating officer, PW 8 at the railway station from where the
deceased was to be taken to the hospital for medical treatment. The
incident had taken place at about 10.30 AM. Deceased had stated in the
said dying declaration which was recorded in the presence of some of the
villagers that while pouring kerosene oil, one end of her sari caught fire as
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she was cooking food and that in the aforesaid manner she got burnt. It is
also stated by her in the said dying declaration that she did not set fire on
her own and no body set fire on her and that while preparing meal her sari
caught fire accidentally. She has categorically stated in the said dying
declaration that no quarrel had taken place and that there was no problem
in her matrimonial home. The said statement was read over to her and her
thumb impression was put as she could not sign because of the burn
injuries received by her.
8. The courts below have questioned the evidentiary value of the said dying
declaration. A perusal of the said dying declaration would prove and
establish that there is nothing incriminating in the said statement against
the appellant and, therefore, the said dying declaration, which was
exculpatory in nature, so far as the prosecution is concerned is of no
relevance and would rather help the accused appellants. As there is
nothing incriminating in the said document against the appellants, neither
are we inclined nor are we required to go into the question of evidentiary
value of the said document.
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9. The other incriminating document against the accused appellants is the
undated letter exhibited as exhibit P.1. The said letter appears to have
been written by the deceased, addressing to father, mother and the
younger brothers of the husband. In the said statement the deceased has
stated that she is unable to tolerate the atmosphere in the family in her
matrimonial home. She also stated that she prefer to live in hell because
in-laws have done such acts with her which are of no use to mention. She
has also stated that whatever has been done was all-right. In her letter she
has stated that she had always considered her father-in-law and mother-in-
law more than her parents and that even then they have treated her in such
a manner which she never expected. It is mentioned therein that the
matrimonial house was ruined after her arrival and that she was treated
like an enemy. She has stated that her mother-in-law had told that if she
(Shanti Bai) is kept in their house then nothing will remain. In that view
of the matter she did not want to become burden on herself nor on her in-
laws and that moment was the last time of her life. Of course, in the letter
there is no date written but towards the end of the letter it was mentioned
that it was the last day of her life. She also stated that she had a long life
but the hard words had made her life incomplete and she has no further
time to write further. The said letter appears to have been written on the
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date of occurrence and in the said letter she had given vent to all her
expressions, feelings and contempt for the family. The said letter was
found in the box seized from the room where the incident occurred.
10. The issue, therefore, that falls for our consideration is whether the
conviction can be based against the appellant No. 2 on the basis of the
said letter alone.
11. The prosecution has examined the mother of the deceased as PW 1. She
had stated in her deposition that her daughter told her that in her in-laws
house, her mother-in-law used to ask her to run hand flourmill. She also
stated that her son-in-law Rajbabu also used to quarrel with her daughter
and used to beat her. She has also stated that her daughter told her that
her mother-in-law used to use filthy language for her father and brothers.
It is further stated by her that once her husband had gone to bring Shanti
Bai, at that time her mother-in-law did not send her rather she was beaten
by her in his presence for not cleaning the utensils. Thereafter her
husband came back. In her cross examination she stated that her daughter
wanted to become educated and wanted to go for employment. Her
daughter told her after coming back from the matrimonial home that her
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husband is not educated and the family is poor for which she had
expressed pain. Her daughter told her that her life would be spoiled in
that house and on that issue she was very unhappy. It was also stated by
her that her daughter never sent any letter from her in-laws house. She
further replied in her cross-examination that the deceased never told
anything to her relatives and members of the society regarding her
troubles because she never wanted to make her life public.
12. We have also on record the deposition of the sister-in-law of the
deceased Smt. Kamla Rani who was examined as PW 3. She has also
deposed that when Shanti Bai came back from her in-laws house for the
first time she told her that her husband and mother-in-law are troubling
her very much. She is forced to run hand driven flourmill which she was
not habitual and when she was not able to run the flourmill, her mother-in-
law and husband used to beat her. It has also been stated in her
deposition that after coming back from her in-laws house Shanti Bai told
her that once there had been a quarrel between her and her mother-in-law
and on the said issue her husband wanted to burn her but at that moment
her mother-in-law stopped her husband not to do so at that time. It was
further stated in her deposition that Shanti Bai told her not to narrate this
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story to any of her brothers. The contents of exhibit P.1 were approved by
PW 3, stating that the said letter was written by the deceased Shanti Bai.
13.It appears from the statement of PW 1 and also corroborated by the
statement of PW 3 (sister-in-law of the deceased) that the deceased
studied upto XI standard and wanted to study further and wanted to be
employed but since her husband was not literate and since the family was
poor, they could not make arrangements for her further studies and they
could not have even allowed her to go for employment, for which she was
upset. In her statement PW 1 had, of course, brought in some allegations
about the mother-in-law but only from that statement it cannot be said that
she had directly any hand in the act of commission of suicide. So far as
the evidence of PW 1 and PW 3 are concerned, there is only evidence to
the extent that at times the deceased was not treated well by the appellant.
14.Of course, reliance is placed by the learned courts below on the
provisions of Section 113A of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (for short
`the Evidence Act'). Any person who abets the commission of suicide is
liable to be punished under Section 306 IPC. Section 107 IPC lays down
the ingredients of abetment which includes instigating any person to do a
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thing or engaging with one or more persons in any conspiracy for the
doing of a thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of
that conspiracy and in order to the doing of that thing, or intentional aid
by any act or illegal omission to the doing of that thing.
15.In the instant case there is no direct evidence to establish that the
appellant either aided or instigated the deceased to commit suicide or
entered into any conspiracy to aid her in committing suicide. In the
absence of direct evidence the prosecution has relied upon Section 113-A
of the Evidence Act, under which the court may presume on proof of
circumstances enumerated therein, and having regard to all the other
circumstances of the case, that the suicide had been abetted by the
accused. The explanation to Section 113-A further clarifies that cruelty
shall have the same meaning as in Section 498-A of the IPC. Under
Section 113-A of the Evidence Act, the prosecution has first to establish
that the woman concerned committed suicide within a period of seven
years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or any relative of
her husband had subjected her to cruelty. Section 113-A gives a discretion
to the court to raise such a presumption, having regard to all the other
circumstances of the case, which means that where the allegation is of
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cruelty it must consider the nature of cruelty to which the woman was
subjected, having regard to the meaning of the word "cruelty" in Section
498-A IPC. The mere fact that a woman committed suicide within seven
years of her marriage and that she had been subjected to cruelty by her
husband or any relative of her husband, does not automatically give rise to
the presumption that the suicide had been abetted by her husband or any
relative of her husband. The court is required to look into all the other
circumstances of the case. One of the circumstances which has to be
considered by the court is whether the alleged cruelty was of such nature
as was likely to drive the woman to commit suicide or to cause grave
injury or danger to life, limb or health of the woman. The law has been
succinctly stated in Ramesh Kumar v. State of Chhattisgarh reported in
(2001) 9 SCC 618 wherein this Court observed:
"12. This provision was introduced by the Criminal Law
(Second) Amendment Act, 1983 with effect from 26-12-1983 to
meet a social demand to resolve difficulty of proof where
helpless married women were eliminated by being forced to
commit suicide by the husband or in-laws and incriminating
evidence was usually available within the four corners of the
matrimonial home and hence was not available to anyone
outside the occupants of the house. However, still it cannot be
lost sight of that the presumption is intended to operate against
the accused in the field of criminal law. Before the presumption
may be raised, the foundation thereof must exist. A bare reading
of Section 113-A shows that to attract applicability of Section
113-A, it must be shown that (i) the woman has committed
suicide, (ii) such suicide has been committed within a period of
seven years from the date of her marriage, (iii) the husband or
his relatives, who are charged had subjected her to cruelty. On
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existence and availability of the abovesaid circumstances, the
court may presume that such suicide had been abetted by her
husband or by such relatives of her husband. Parliament has
chosen to sound a note of caution. Firstly, the presumption is not
mandatory; it is only permissive as the employment of
expression `may presume' suggests. Secondly, the existence and
availability of the abovesaid three circumstances shall not, like a
formula, enable the presumption being drawn; before the
presumption may be drawn the court shall have to have regard to
`all the other circumstances of the case'. A consideration of all
the other circumstances of the case may strengthen the
presumption or may dictate the conscience of the court to abstain
from drawing the presumption. The expression -- `the other
circumstances of the case' used in Section 113-A suggests the
need to reach a cause-and-effect relationship between the cruelty
and the suicide for the purpose of raising a presumption. Last
but not the least, the presumption is not an irrebuttable one. In
spite of a presumption having been raised the evidence adduced
in defence or the facts and circumstances otherwise available on
record may destroy the presumption. The phrase `may presume'
used in Section 113-A is defined in Section 4 of the Evidence
Act, which says -- `Whenever it is provided by this Act that the
court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as
proved, unless and until it is disproved, or may call for proof of
it.' "
In State of W.B. v. Orilal Jaiswal reported in (1994) 1 SCC 73 this Court
observed:
"15. We are not oblivious that in a criminal trial the degree of
proof is stricter than what is required in a civil proceedings. In a
criminal trial however intriguing may be facts and circumstances
of the case, the charges made against the accused must be
proved beyond all reasonable doubts and the requirement of
proof cannot lie in the realm of surmises and conjectures. The
requirement of proof beyond reasonable doubt does not stand
altered even after the introduction of Section 498-A IPC and
Section 113-A of the Indian Evidence Act. Although, the court's
conscience must be satisfied that the accused is not held guilty
when there are reasonable doubts about the complicity of the
accused in respect of the offences alleged, it should be borne in
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mind that there is no absolute standard for proof in a criminal
trial and the question whether the charges made against the
accused have been proved beyond all reasonable doubts must
depend upon the facts and circumstances of the case and the
quality of the evidences adduced in the case and the materials
placed on record. Lord Denning in Bater v. Bater (1950) 2 All
ER 458 (All ER at p. 459) has observed that the doubt must be
of a reasonable man and the standard adopted must be a standard
adopted by a reasonable and just man for coming to a conclusion
considering the particular subject-matter."
16.Having regard to the principles aforesaid, we may now advert to the fact
of the present case. Here is a case where the evidence on record discloses
that the deceased wanted to be married in a literate family. She was not
happy with the fact that her husband was illiterate and also with the status
and condition of the family of her husband. She was also required to do
some domestic work as the family was poor, for which she was not happy.
The deceased was of the view point that her life has been spoiled by
marrying Appellant No. 1. The letter reflects the attitude of the in-laws of
the deceased towards the deceased. In the said letter there was no
reference of any act or incident whereby the appellants were alleged to
have committed any willful act or omission or intentionally aided or
instigated the deceased to commit suicide.
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17. On such slender evidence, therefore, we are not persuaded to invoke the
presumption under Section 113-A of the Evidence Act to find the
appellant guilty of the offence under Section 306 IPC.
18.The next question which remains for our consideration is whether an
offence is made out under section 498A of IPC. Though the letter
allegedly written by the deceased mentions the fact that the attitude of the
family was not good towards the deceased and she was not treated well
but there is no mentioned about any of such incident. PW1 and PW3 in
their statements have emphasized that the mother-in-law of the deceased
used to ask the deceased to run hand driven flourmill to which she was not
habitual. In the year 1988 when the abovementioned incident occurred,
the hand driven flourmills were generally used by women in the poor
families in the villages and even till today one may find use of the same in
some villages in the country. Thus asking one to run the same at that point
of time may not amount to an act of cruelty.
19.In the said statements there is also a mention of an incidents were the
deceased had been beaten by her husband. The mother-in-law (appellant
No. 2) cannot be held liable for the said act; rather there is evidence on
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record of PW3 who had stated that appellant No. 2 had once restrained her
son. Though in the statement of PW 1 there is mention of one or two
incident when the present appellant had beaten the deceased but there
appears to be possibility of embellishment. The father of the deceased
(PW2), in his statement has not made any statement regarding cruelty
being committed on his daughter in her in-laws house. After analyzing the
said evidence and the statements made by PW1 and PW3 we are of the
opinion that the benefit of doubt should be granted to appellant No. 2.
20.We, therefore, set aside the conviction under Sections 306 and 498A of
the IPC passed against the appellant No. 2 and acquit her granting her
benefit of doubt. The appeal is allowed in so far as appellant No. 2 is
concerned. The appeal has abated in so far as appellant No. 1 is
concerned. The appellant No. 2 is already on bail. She is released from
the terms of her bail bonds.
................................J.
(R.V. Raveendran)
.................................J.
(Dr. Mukundakam Sharma)
New Delhi,
July 24, 2008
