Land Mark Judgement On Disability Recruitment/promotion

Source link: http://courtnic.nic.in/dhcorder/dhcqrydisp_j.asp?pn=4998&yr=2008 IN THE HIGH COURT OF DELHI AT NEW DELHI W.P.(C) NO. 15828/2006 19.12.2008 Reserved on : 12th December, 2008 Date of decision: 19th December, 2008 NATIONAL FEDERATION OF THE BLIND ... Petitioner Through: Mr. S.K. Rungta with Ms. Pratiti Rungta, Advocates Versus UNION OF INDIA and ORS. ... Respondents Through: Mr. P.P. Malhotra, ASG with Mr. Dalip Mehra, Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Mishra, Advocates for UOI. Mr. Ashwani Bhardwaj, Advocate for respondents 4 and 5 CORAM: HON'BLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE HON'BLE MR. JUSTICE S. MURALIDHAR 1.Whether reporters of the local newspapers be allowed to see the judgment? Yes 2.To be referred to the Reporter or not ? Yes 3. Whether the judgment should be reported in the Digest ? Yes AJIT PRAKASH SHAH, C.J. National Federation of the Blind, an apex body working for the protection of the rights of the visually challenged, has filed this petition in public interest to highlight the discrimination of the blind and low vision persons by virtually excluding them from the process of recruitment to government posts in violation of the scheme of reservation contained in section 33 of the Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995 (?Disabilities Act? for short). The grievance of the petitioner is that the respondents have failed to provide reservation to the blind and low vision candidates in accordance with section 33 of the Disabilities Act in all its recruitments right from 1996 till date. The Disabilities Act, which was brought into force on 7.2.1996, mandates the Government to make reservation in all groups of posts to the extent of 3% at least of which 1% each shall be reserved for persons suffering from blindness and low vision, persons suffering from hearing impairment and persons suffering from locomotor disability or cerebral palsy. It is obligatory upon every appropriate Government to identify the posts for various categories of disabled, which may be earmarked for them. According to the petitioner several advertisements, which have been issued in the Employment News from 1996 to 2006, do not contain any provision for reservation for the blind and low vision. Not only the respondents have failed to give one per cent reservation to blind and low vision in terms of section 33 of the Act but also expressly excluded blind persons from applying and from being considered for appointment against the posts sought to be filled up by these advertisements. The public sector undertakings under the Central Government have also failed to comply with the provisions of section 33 of the Disabilities Act. This according to the petitioner amounts to clear violation of the fundamental right guaranteed to the blind and low vision under Article 16(1) of the Constitution. The petitioner has drawn attention to OMs dated 29.12.2005 and 26.04.2006, issued by the Central Government for implementation of the scheme for reservation to the disabled as contained in section 33 of the Disabilities Act. A reference is also made to a letter dated 13.1.2006 of the Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment conveying the decision of the Government to various departments for clearing up backlog of vacancies under section 33 in a time bound manner. The petitioner contends that in spite of the OMs and the letter, various departments of the Government and public sector undertakings did not even workout the vacancies which ought to have been reserved but have not been reserved and have not been filled by them. The petitioner has prayed for a mandamus directing the respondents to work out the vacancies which ought to have been reserved for each of the categories of persons with disabilities separately to the extent of one per cent each in a time bound manner in terms of OMs dated 29.12.2005 and 26.4.2006 and to undertake a special drive for filling up such vacancies to be completed in a time bound manner. The petitioner has also prayed for a direction to the respondents to frame rules for ensuring compliance of the provisions of section 33 of the Disabilities Act and for further ensuring that persons suffering from blindness and low vision are allowed to appear in all recruitments / selection tests and to monitor the implementation of the reservation scheme for persons with disabilities in the same manner as is done in the case of SC, ST and OBC. 2. A notice of the petition was issued to the respondents and the respondent No.1 ? Union of India has appeared and a counter affidavit has been filed on its behalf. Since the petition raises some important questions relating to section 33 of the Disabilities Act and other related provisions of the said Act, notice was also issued to the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities, who has filed his written response to the various contentions raised by the petitioner in the writ petition. 3.Before adverting to the issues raised in the petition, we may briefly refer to the legislative history of the Disabilities Act. With a view to realising the objective that people with disabilities have the same rights, hopes and aspirations as everyone else, and they are to be provided with equal opportunities and rather better incentives for their rehabilitation in the society, a meeting was held in Beijing on 1st to 5th December, 1992 called the ?Meet to Launch the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons?. A proclamation was adopted by the Asian and Pacific countries to ensure ?full participation and equality of people with disabilities in the Asian and the Pacific regions?. India was a signatory to the said proclamation and with a view to implementing the same, the Disabilities Act was enacted and it came into force on 7.2.1996. 4.The Statement of Objects and Reasons to the Disabilities Act, which was appended to the Bill, before it was enacted, reads as under: ?STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS The meeting to launch the Asian and Pacific Decade of the Disabled Persons 1993-2002 convened by the Economic and Social Commission for Asian and Pacific Region, held at Beijing on 1st to 5th December, 1992 adopted the Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People with Disabilities in the Asia and the Pacific region. India is a signatory to the said proclamation and it is necessary to enact a suitable legislation to provide for the following :- (i) to spell out the responsibility of the State towards the prevention of disabilities, protection of rights, provision of medical care, education, training, employment and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities; (ii) to create barrier free environment for persons with disabilities; (iii) to remove any discrimination against persons with disabilities in the sharing of development benefits, vis-a-vis non-disabled persons; (iv) to counteract any situation of the abuse and the exploitation of persons with disabilities; (v) to lay down a strategy for comprehensive development of programmes and services and equalisation of opportunities for persons with disabilities; and (vi) to make special provision of the integration of persons with disabilities into the social mainstream. 2. Accordingly, it is proposed to provide inter alia for the constitution of Co-ordination Committees and Executive Committees at the Central and State levels to carry out the various functions assigned to them. Within the limits of their economic capacity and development the appropriate Governments and the local authorities will have to undertake various measures for the prevention and early detection of disabilities, creation of barrier-free environment, provision for rehabilitation services, etc. The Bill also provides for education, employment and vocational training, reservation in identified posts, research and manpower development, establishment of homes for persons with severe disabilities, etc. For effective implementation of the provision of the Bill, appointment of the Chief Commissioner for persons with disabilities at the Central level and Commissioners for persons with disabilities at the State level clothed with powers to monitor the funds disbursed by the Central and State Governments and also to take steps to safeguard the rights of the persons with disabilities is also envisaged. 3. The Bill seeks to achieve the above objects.? 5.The employment rights of persons with disabilities covered by Chapter VI of the Disabilities Act containing Sections 32 to 41 (except Section 39 which relates to education) comprise the most empowering provisions of the Disabilities Act as they yield the most tangible and substantial rights to persons with disabilities. Section 32 of the Disabilities Act provides for identification of posts, section 33 provides for reservation and section 36 thereof provides that in case a vacancy is not filled up due to non-availability of a suitable person with disability, the vacancy is to be carried forward in the succeeding recruitment year. The provisions are reproduced below: 32. Identification of posts which can be reserved for persons with disabilities:- Appropriate Governments shall-- (a) Identify posts, in the establishments, which can be reserved for the persons with disability; (b) At periodical intervals not exceeding three years, review the list of posts identified and up-date the list taking into consideration the developments in technology. 33. Reservation of Posts:- Every appropriate Government shall appoint in every establishment such percentage of vacancies not less than three per cent. for persons or class of persons with disability of which one per cent. each shall be reserved for persons suffering from- (i) blindness or low vision; (ii) hearing impairment; (iii) loco motor disability or cerebral palsy, in the posts identified for each disability: Provided that the appropriate Government may, having regard to the type of work carried on in any department or establishment, by notification subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified in such notification, exempt any establishment from the provisions of this section. 36. Vacancies not filled up to be carried forward : Where in any recruitment year any vacancy under section 33, cannot be filled up due to non-availability of a suitable person with disability or, for any other sufficient reason, such vacancy shall be carried forward in the succeeding recruitment year and if ;r the succeeding recruitment year also suitable person with disability is not available, it may first be filled by interchange among the three categories and only when there is no person with disability available for the post in that year, the employer shall fill up the vacancy by appointment of a person, other than a person with disability: Provided that if the nature of vacancies in an establishment is such that a given category of person cannot be employed, the vacancies may be interchanged among the three categories with the prior approval of the appropriate Government.? 6.It is apparent from a reading of the aforesaid provisions that the appropriate Government is statutorily enjoined to appoint in every establishment such percentage of vacancies in the posts identified for each disability not less than 3% for persons with disabilities, of which 1% each shall be reserved for three categories mentioned in section 33 of the Act, namely, blindness and low vision, hearing impairment and locomotor disability or cerebral palsy. The term ?establishment? has been defined in section 2(k) of the Act to mean ?a corporation established by or under a Central, Provincial or State Act, or an authority or a body owned or controlled or aided by the Government or local authority or a Government company as defined in Section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and includes department of a Government?. Therefore, each department of the Government has to be treated as an 'establishment' and the Government is bound to reserve not less than 3% vacancies in an establishment in posts identified in accordance with section 33 of the Act. The posts have been identified for all the categories of persons with disabilities including persons suffering from blindness and low vision vide Notification dated 31.05.2001 which has been further updated by Notification dated 1.1.2006. 7.At this stage, we may refer to the OM dated 29.12.2005 which was issued with a view to consolidate the existing instructions with a view to bringing them in line with the Disabilities Act and clarifying certain issues including procedural matters. The relevant clauses of the OM read as follows: ?2. QUANTUM OF RESERVATION (i)Three percent of the vacancies, in case of direct recruitment to Group A, B, C and D posts shall be reserved for persons with disabilities of which one per cent each shall be reserved for persons suffering from (i) blindness or low vision, (ii) hearing impairment and (iii) locomotor disability or cerebral palsy in the posts identified for each disability; (ii)Three percent of the vacancies in case of promotion to Group D, and Group C posts in which the element of direct recruitment, if any, does not exceed 75%, shall be reserved for persons with disabilities of which one per cent each shall be reserved for persons suffering from (i) blindness or low vision, (ii) hearing impairment and (iii) locomotor disability or cerebral palsy in the posts identified for each disability. 13. COMPUTATION OF RESERVATION: Reservation for persons with disabilities in case of Group C and Group D posts shall be computed on the basis of total number of vacancies occurring in all Group C or Group D posts, as the case may be, in the establishment, although the recruitment of the persons with disabilities would only be in the posts identified suitable for them. The number of vacancies to be reserved for the persons with disabilities in case of direct recruitment to Group C posts in an establishment shall be computed by taking into account the total number of vacancies arising in Group C posts for being filled by direct recruitment in a recruitment year both in the identified and non-identified posts under the establishment. The same procedure shall apply for Group D posts. Since reservation is limited to identified posts only and number of vacancies reserved is computed on the basis of total vacancies (in identified posts as well as unidentified posts), it is possible that number of persons appointed by reservation in an identified posts may exceed 3 percent. 14. Reservation for persons with disabilities in Group A posts shall be computed on the basis of vacancies occurring in direct recruitment quota in all the identified Group A pots in the establishment. The same method of computation applies for Group B posts. 15. EFFECTING RESERVATION ?MAINTENANCE OF ROSTERS: (a) all establishment s shall maintain separate 100 point reservation roster registers in the format given in Annexure II for determining/effecting reservation for the disabled ? one each for Group A posts filled by direct recruitment, Group B posts filled by direct recruitment, Group C posts filled by direct recruitment, Group C posts filled by promotion, Group D posts filled by direct recruitment and Group D posts filled by promotion. (b) Each register shall have cycles of 100 points and each cycle of 100 points shall be divided into three blocks, comprising the following points : 1st Block ? point No.1 to point NO.33 2nd Block ? point No.34 to point NO.66 3rd Block ? point No.67 to point No.100 (c) Points 1, 34, and 67 of the roster shall be earmarked reserved for persons with disabilities ? one point for each of the three categories of disabilities. The head of the establishment shall decide the categories of disabilities for which the points 1,34 and 67 will be reserved keeping in view all relevant facts. (d) All the vacancies in Group C posts falling in direct recruitment quota arising in the establishment shall be entered in the relevant roster register. If the post falling at point NO.1 is not identified for the disabled or the head of the establishment considered it desirable not fill it up by a disabled person or it is not possible to fill up that post by the disabled for any other person, one of the vacancies falling at any of the points from 2 to 33 shall be treated as reserved for the disabled and filled as such. Likewise a vacancy falling at any of the points from 34 to 66 or from 67 to 100 shall be filled by the disabled. The purpose of keeping points 1,34 and 67 as reserved is to fill up the first available suitable vacancy from 1 to 33, first available suitable vacancy from 34 to 66 and first available suitable vacancy from 67 to 100 person with disabilities. (e) There is a possibility that none of the vacancies from 1 to 33 is suitable for any category of the disabled. In that case two vacancies from 34 to 66 shall be filled as reserved for persons with disabilities. If the vacancies from 34 to 66 are also not suitable for any category, three vacancies shall be filled as reserved from the third block containing points from 67 to 100. This means that if no vacancy can be reserved in a particular block, it shall be carried into the next block. (f) After all the 100 points of the roster are covered, a fresh cycle of 100 points shall start . (g) If the number of vacancies in a year is such as to cover only one block or two, discretion as to which category of the disabled should be accommodated first shall vest in the head of the establishment, who shall decide on the basis of the nature of the post, the level of representation of the specific disabled category in the concerned grade/post etc. (h) A separate roster shall be maintained for Group C posts filled by promotion and procedure as explained above shall be followed for giving reservation to persons with disabilities. Like wise two separate rosters shall be maintained for Group A and Group B posts, all vacancies of direct recruitment arising in identified posts shall be entered and reservation shall be effected the same way as explained above. (i) Reservation in group A and group B posts is determined on the basis of vacancies in the identified posts only. Separate rosters for Group A posts and Group B posts in the establishment shall be maintained. In the rosters maintained for Group A and Group B posts, all vacancies of direct recruitment arising in identified posts shall be entered and reservation shall be effected the same way as explained above. 16. INTER SE EXCHANGE AND CARRY FORWARD OF RESERVATION IN CASE OF DIRECT RECRUITMENT (a) Reservation for each of the three categories of persons with disabilities shall be made separately. But if the nature of vacancies in an establishment is such that a person of a specific category of disability cannot be employed, the vacancies may be interchanged among the three categories with the approval of the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and reservation may be determined and vacancies filled accordingly. (b) If any vacancy reserved for any category of disability cannot be filled due to non-availability of a suitable person with that disability or, for any other sufficient reason, such vacancy shall not be filled and shall be carried forward as a 'backlog reserved vacancy' to the subsequent recruitment year. (c) In the subsequent recruitment year the 'backlog reserved vacancy' shall be treated as reserved for the category of disability for which it was kept reserved in the initial year of recruitment. However, if a suitable person with that disability is not available, it may be filled by interchange among the three categories of disabilities. In case no suitable person with disability is available for filling up the post in the subsequent year also, the employer may fill up the vacancy by appointment of a person other than a person with disability. If the vacancy is filled by a person with disability of the category for which it was reserved or by a person of other category of disability by inter se exchange in the subsequent recruitment year, it will be treated to have been filled by reservation. But if the vacancy is filled by a person other than a person with disability in the subsequent recruitment year, reservation shall be carried forward for a further period upto two recruitment years whereafter the reservation shall lapse. In these two subsequent years, if situation so arises, the procedure for filling up the reserved vacancy shall be the same as followed in the first subsequent recruitment year. 19. HORIZONTALITY OF RESERVATION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES: Reservation for backward classes of citizens (SCs, STs and OBCs) is called vertical reservation and the reservation for categories such as persons with disabilities and ex- servicemen is called horizontal reservation. Horizontal reservation cuts across vertical reservation (in what is called interlocking reservation) and person selected against the quota for persons with disabilities have to be placed in the appropriate category viz. SC/ST/OBC/General candidates depending upon the category to which they belong in the roster meant for reservation of SCs/STs/OBCs. To illustrate, if in a given year there are two vacancies reserved for the person with disabilities and out of two persons with disabilities appointed, one belongs to a Scheduled Caste and the other to general category then the disabled SC candidate shall be adjusted against the SC point in the reservation roster and the general candidate against unreserved point in the relevant reservation roster. In case none of the vacancies falls on point reserved for the SCs, the disabled candidate belonging to SC shall be adjusted in future against the next available vacancy reserved for SCs. 20. Since the persons with disabilities have to be placed in the appropriate category viz., SC/ST/OBC/General in the roster meant for reservation of SCs/STs/OBCs, the application form for the post should require the candidates applying under the quota reserved for persons with disabilities to indicate whether they belong to SC/ST/OBC or General category.? 8.Paragraphs 21 and 22 of the OM respectively provides for relaxation in age limit and relaxation for standard suitability. 9.As the directions contained in OM dated 29.12.2005 were not implemented as a result of which, representations were made by the petitioner to Central Government complaining that its departments, establishments and public sector undertakings have not even worked out the vacancies which ought to have been reserved. Consequently another OM dated 26.04.2006 came to be issued directing that all establishments, departments and public sector undertakings should maintain reservation rosters registers beginning from 1996 by designating points numbers 1, 34 and 67 for persons with disabilities with an object to grant one vacancy each to persons suffering from blindness and low vision, persons suffering from hearing impairment and persons suffering from locomotor disability or cerebral palsy respectively. In the same OM, while admitting that the reservation policy has not been implemented in the right earnest, a clear direction was given to all establishments as follows: ?In order to achieve this objective, all the establishments should prepare the reservation roster registers as provided in this Department's O.M. No. 36035/3/2004-Estt. (Res) dated 29.12.2005 starting from the year 1996 and reservation for persons with disabilities be earmarked as per instructions contained in that OM. If some or all the vacancies so earmarked had not been filled by reservation and were filled by able bodied persons either for the reason that points of reservation had not been earmarked properly at the appropriate time or persons with disabilities did not become available, such unutilized reservation may be treated as having been carried forward to the first recruitment year occurring after issue of this O.M. And be filled as such. If it is not possible to fill up such reserved vacancies during the said recruitment year, reservation would be carried forward for further two years, whereafter it may be treated as lapsed.? 10.It appears that even after issuance of OMs dated 29.12.2005 and 26.4.2006 only a handful of departments of Union of India claimed to have maintained roster but even those who made this claim have not made the rosters properly nor have effectively implemented 3% reservation in favour of the disabled. In fact, the Central Government has been compelled to issue a fresh OM dated 10.12.2008 requiring all the ministries / departments to take action to identify unfilled vacancies due to non-implementation of the provisions of section 33 of the Disabilities Act and to treat these vacancies as backlog vacancies for the current recruitment year. 11.Mr.Rungta, learned counsel appearing for the petitioner, strenuously contended that neither Department of Personnel and Training and Public Grievances nor Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment nor office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities is monitoring the implementation the scheme of reservation for persons with disabilities. As a result various departments of the Government of India as well as the public sector undertakings have been openly flouting the policy of reservation contained in section 33 of the Disabilities Act for over 12 years now. Mr.Rungta also took exception to some of the provisions of the OM dated 29.12.2005. According to him the reservation under section 33 is required to be computed on the basis of the total cadre strength of the establishment and not on the basis of the vacancies in posts identified for the purpose of appointment of persons from the disabled categories. He submitted that para 13 of OM dated 29.12.2005 clearly provides that 3% reservation has to be worked out in Groups C and D posts on the basis of vacancies in identified posts as well as unidentified posts in an establishment whereas paragraph 14 provides that reservation in Groups A and B shall be computed on the basis of the vacancies occurring only in the identified posts in the establishment. Therefore, according to him para 14 is clearly inconsistent with the mandate of section 33. He prayed that the respondents should be directed to work out the backlog of vacancies by obtaining necessary information from respective departments as well as public sector undertakings, government companies etc. and to take a centralized special recruitment drive to fill up the backlog of vacancies for the blind and low vision as well as other categories of disabled in accordance with section 33 of the Disabilities Act. 12.In reply, learned Additional Solicitor General fairly conceded that there had been laxity on the part of various ministries / departments and public sector undertakings in implementation of the scheme of reservation under section 33. He submitted that the Union of India is taking all necessary steps to complete the process of reservation and for that purpose OM dated 10.12.2008 has already been issued. Learned Additional Solicitor General, however, opposed the plea of Mr.Rungta that reservation under section 33 is required to be computed on the basis of the total strength of the cadre in an establishment. According to him the Act provides 3% reservation only in the vacancies in posts identified for the disabled categories and not on the total strength of the cadre. The Government, however, keeping in mind the fact that reservation in Groups C and D posts was being calculated on the basis of vacancies in identified as well as unidentified posts prior to the Disabilities Act came into force and the provisions of section 72 of the Disabilities Act continued to compute reservation the same way in Groups A and B on the basis of vacancies in identified as well as unidentified posts. He submitted that the reservation under section 33 is a horizontal reservation and not vertical reservation. He referred to the decision of the Supreme Court in Indra Sawhney and others v. Union of India and others 1992 Supp (3) SCC 217 wherein the Supreme Court has explained the concept of horizontal reservation. He submitted that paragraph 15 of the OM dated 29.12.2005 provides for a vacancy based roster and not post based roster. According to him the purpose of providing for vacancy-based roster was to give more representation to disabled categories which would not be possible in the case of post based roster. 13.At the outset we may state that the Government has utterly failed in ensuring proper implementation of the statutory reservation under section 33 and protecting the rights of the persons with disabilities and in particular those suffering from blindness or low vision. Admittedly, the persons suffering from blindness and low vision have not only been deprived of the benefit of reservation but they have been excluded from consideration in the recruitments held in the past. This is clearly brought out from various advertisements attached along with the petition particularly Annexure G and K at pages 103-138 and 168-173. It appears that prior to 2005 there were no written instructions laying down the manner in which implementation of the scheme of reservation for disabled has to be ensured. Even after issuance of OM dated 29.12.2005 and OM dated 26.4.2006 reservation roster has not been properly maintained nor the policy of reservation has been effectively implemented for different categories of disabled as envisaged by section 33. It is distressing to note that in spite of lapse of 12 years after the Act came into force, the scheme of reservation has virtually remained on paper and there is no effective implementation of the reservation policy due to apathy of the concerned ministries / departments towards the disabled. We hasten to add that the learned Additional Solicitor General has taken a very positive approach of the matter and has assured the Court that the Government will do its best for the full implementation of the reservation scheme for the disabled. He submitted that the Court may issue appropriate directions for the strict implementation of the reservation policy for the disabled. 14.The reservation for disabled falls under Article 16(1) of the Constitution of India and is a horizontal reservation. In Indra Sawhney and others v. Union of India and others (supra) the principle of horizontal reservation was explained thus: (SCC pp.?735-36, para 812) ?[A]ll reservations are not of the same nature. There are two types of reservations, which may, for the sake of convenience, be referred to as ?vertical reservations? and ?horizontal reservations?. The reservations in favour of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes [under Article 16(4)] may be called vertical reservations whereas reservations in favour of physically handicapped [under Clause (1) of Article 16] can be referred to as horizontal reservations. Horizontal reservations cut across the vertical reservations?what is called interlocking reservations. To be more precise, suppose 3% of the vacancies are reserved in favour of physically handicapped persons; this would be a reservation relatable to Clause (1) of Article 16. The persons selected against this quota will be placed in the appropriate category; if he belongs to SC category he will be placed in that quota by making necessary adjustments; similarly, if he belongs to open competition (OC) category, he will be placed in that category by making necessary adjustments. Even after providing for these horizontal reservations, the percentage of reservations in favour of Backward Class of citizens remains?and should remain?the same.? 15.Coming to the question of manner of computation of reservation under section 33, after giving anxious thought to the submissions made at the Bar we are not inclined to accept the submissions of the learned Additional Solicitor General that the 3% reservation has to be computed only on the basis of vacancies in identified posts in the cadre. In the first place, section 33 provides for 3% reservation in posts in an establishment and not just in the vacancies in posts identified for disabled. Heading of section 33 is reservation of posts and it mandates the Government to appoint in every establishment ?such percentage of vacancies not less than 3% of which 1% each has to be reserved for persons suffering from blindness or low vision, hearing impairment and locomotor disability or cerebral palsy in the posts identified for each disability?. In our opinion the plain meaning of section 33 is that while 3% reservation has to be computed on the basis of the total strength in an establishment, such appointment has to be made in the posts identified for each disability. Section 32 of the Act requires the appropriate Government to identify posts in the establishment which can be reserved for the persons with disability. In our opinion the words ?every appropriate Government shall appoint in every establishment such percentage of vacancies not less three per cent ?. in the posts identified ?.? clearly indicates the intention of the legislature to provide at least 3% of reservation on the basis of the total number of posts in an establishment. The fact that persons belonging to disabled categories are to be appointed in the posts identified for such disabilities does not mean that 3% reservation is to be computed only on the basis of identified posts. The computation has to be with reference to the cadre strength. 16.The Disabilities Act was enacted for protection of the rights of the disabled in various spheres like education, training, employment and to remove any discrimination against them in the sharing of development benefits vis-?-vis non-disabled persons. In the light of the legislative aim it is necessary to give purposive interpretation to section 33 with a view to achieve the legislative intendment of attaining equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities. The fact that the vacancy-based roster is to be maintained does not mean that 3% reservation has to be computed only on the basis of vacancy. The difference between the posts and vacancies has been succinctly pointed out in the Supreme Court decision in the case of R.K. Sabharwal and ors. v. State of Punjab and ors. ?AIR 1995 SC 1371 wherein it was held that the word ?post? means an appointment, job, office or employment, a position to which a person is appointed. ?'`Vacancy'` means an unoccupied post or office. The plain meaning of the two ex-pressions make it clear that there must be a 'post' in existence to enable the 'vacancy' to occur. The cadre-strength is always measured by the number of posts comprising the cadre. ?Right to be considered for appointment can only be claimed in respect of a post in a cadre. ?As a consequence the percentage of reservation has to be worked out in relation to the number of posts which form the cadre-strength. The concept of 'vacancy' has no relevance in operating the percentage of reservation. Therefore, in our opinion, 3% reservation for disabled has to be computed on the basis of total strength of the cadre i.e. both identified as well as unidentified posts. We are in agreement with Mr.Rungta that the paragraph 14 of the OM dated 29.12.2005 is inconsistent with the provisions of section 33 of the Disabilities Act. 17.In our opinion, in order to ensure proper implementation of reservation policy for the disabled and to protect their rights it is necessary to issue the following directions: i.We direct the respondents to constitute a committee consisting of the Chief Commissioner for disabilities (Chairman), Joint Secretary, Department of Personnel and Training, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Joint Secretary, Department of Public enterprises, and Secretary, Staff Selection Commission to do the following acts in terms of this order: (a) To solicit information with regard to recruitments made by departments/public sector undertakings/government companies from the date when the Disabilities Act came into force in 1996 and to work out backlog of vacancies for the disabled on the total cadre strength in different establishments within one month from the date of this order. (b) To undertake special recruitment drive by organising centralised recruitment against backlog so worked out so as to fill up the vacancies by utilising at least 50% of the vacancies available with the respective establishments for this purpose only. (c ) To organise further special recruitment drive as required so as to fill up the remaining backlog of vacancies by 31st December, 2010. ii.Respondent No.1 will issue an appropriate order modifying the OM dated 29.12.2005 and the subsequent OMs consistent with this Courts order. iii.The respondent No.1 shall issue instructions to all the departments /public sector undertaking/government companies declaring that the non observance of the scheme of reservation for persons with disabilities should be considered as an act of non-obedience and the Nodal Officer in departments/Public Sector undertakings/government companies responsible for the proper strict implementation of reservation for person with disabilities to be departmentally proceeded against for his default. iv.The respondent No.1 is further directed to issue instructions to all the departments/public sector undertakings/government companies as well as recruiting agencies not to undertake recruitment for any department/public sector undertakings/government company unless the departmental/public sector undertaking/ government company makes provisions for reservation for persons with disabilities in terms of the order of this Court and a clearance is granted by the Committee headed by the Chief Commissioner for Disabilities. v.The Committee headed by the Chief Commissioner for Disabilities shall submit a status report on implementation of the above directions of this Court within three months from the date of this order. 18.List on 6th April, 2009. CHIEF JUSTICE S. MURALIDHAR, J. DECEMBER19, 2008 pk/nm/v

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