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Languages with official status in India

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The official language of the Indian Union is Hindi with English as a secondary official language;^[1] states in India can legislate their own official languages.^[1] Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.^[2]

States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions^[3] which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,^[4] but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country,^[5] and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se.^[6]

During the British Raj, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states.^[7] The Indian constitution adopted in 1950, envisaged the gradual phasing in of Hindi, to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter.^[8] But resistance to making Hindi the sole official language has resulted in English being retained for official uses. English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).

The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states.

Contents [hide] 1 Official languages of the Union 1.1 Parliamentary proceedings and laws 1.2 Judiciary 1.3 Administration 1.4 Implementation 2 State level 2.1 Legislature and administration 2.2 State judiciary 2.3 Indian states and union territories 2.3.1 States 2.3.2 Union Territories 3 Eighth Schedule to the Constitution 4 Union-State and interstate communication 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Official languages of the Union

The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari scriptt to be the official language of the union.^[9] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.^[10] The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act, 1963,^{[11][12][13][14][15][16]} which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.

In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent.^[17] As a result, the proposal was dropped,^[18][19] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.^[20]

The current position is thus that the Union government may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes^[21] as a "subsidiary official language,"^[22] but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi.^[23] The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.

[edit] Parliamentary proceedings and laws

The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.^[24] The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,^[25] which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.^[26] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in his mother tongue.^[27]

In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.^[28] Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.^[29]

[edit] Judiciary

The constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India, the country's highest court and the High Courts, shall be in English.^[30] Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.^[31]

[edit] Administration

The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,^[23] which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."^[32]

The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public.^[33] The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply^[34]). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.^[35] Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,^[36] and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.^[37] Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.^[38]

In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.^[39]

[edit] Implementation

Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively. Regional Hindi implementation offices at Bangalore, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs. Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the Kendriya Hindi Samiti (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices.^[40]

[edit] State level

The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.^[41] The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura; Mizo in Mizoram; Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia in Meghalaya; and French in Puducherry.

[edit] Legislature and administration

The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission.^[42] The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.^[43]

The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.^[39]

In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the President, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.^[44] Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.^[45]

[edit] State judiciary

States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India,^[46] who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.^[47]

Four states - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan^[48]- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court - had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.^[49] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.^{[50][51][52][53][54]} In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil..^[55].

[edit] Indian states and union territories

[edit] States

No.	State	Official Language	Other official languages
1.	Andhra Pradesh	Telugu[56]	Urdu[57]
2.	Arunachal Pradesh	Assamese, English[58]	None[59]
3.	Assam	Assamese[60]	Bengali,[61] Bodo[60]
4.	Bihar	Maithili, Hindi[62]	Urdu[63]
5.	Chhattisgarh	Chhattisgarhi, Hindi[64]	None[64]
6.	Goa	Konkani[65]
7.	Gujarat	Gujarati,[66] Hindi[66]
8.	Haryana	Hindi[67]	Punjabi[67][68]
9.	Himachal Pradesh	Hindi[69][70]	None[70]
10.	Jammu and Kashmir	Urdu[71]	None[72]
11.	Jharkhand	Hindi, Santali[73]	None[73]
12.	Karnataka	Kannada[74][75]	None[76]
13.	Kerala	Malayalam,[77] English[77]
14.	Madhya Pradesh	Hindi[78]
15.	Maharashtra	Marathi[79][80]
16.	Manipur	Meiteilon (Manipuri)[81]	None[82]
17.	Meghalaya	English[83]	Khasi, Garo[84]
18.	Mizoram	Mizo[85]	None[85]
19.	Nagaland	English[86]	None[86]
20.	Orissa	Oriya,[87]	None[87]
21.	Punjab	Punjabi[88]	None[88]
22.	Rajasthan	Hindi[89]	Rajasthani[89]
23.	Sikkim	Nepali[90][91]	None[92]
24.	Tamil Nadu	Tamil[93]	None
25.	Tripura	Bengali, Tripuri, English[94]	None[94]
26	Uttarakhand	English, Hindi[95]	Urdu,[95] Sanskrit[96]
27.	Uttar Pradesh	Hindi[97]	Urdu[97]
28.	West Bengal	Bengali, English[98]	Nepali[98]

[edit] Union Territories

No.	Union Territory	Official Language	Other officially recognised languages
1.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Hindi, English[99]
2.	Chandigarh	Punjabi, Hindi, English
3.	Dadra and Nagar Haveli	Marathi, Gujarati
4.	Daman and Diu	Gujarati, English	Marathi[65]
5.	Delhi	Hindi, English	Urdu,[100] Punjabi[100]
6.	Lakshadweep	Malayalam
7.	Puducherry	French, Tamil and English[101][102]	Malayalam (for Mahe), Telugu (for Yanam)[101]

[edit] Eighth Schedule to the Constitution

The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,^[103] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.^[104] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."^[105] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.^[106]

Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.^[107]

The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:^[108]

Language	Family	Speakers (2001, in millions)[109]	State(s)
Assamese/Axomiya	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	13	Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Bengali	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	83 in India	West Bengal, Tripura, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and also few regions of Assam
Bodo	Tibeto-Burman	1.4	Assam
Dogri	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	2.3	Jammu and Kashmir
Gujarati	Indo-Aryan, Western	46	Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Gujarat
Standard Hindi	Indo-Aryan, Central	unknown[110]	Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, the national capital territory of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
Kannada	Dravidian	38	Karnataka
Kashmiri	Indo-Aryan, Dardic	5.5	Jammu and Kashmir
Konkani	Indo-Aryan, Southern	2.5 (7.6 per Ethnologue)	Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala
Maithili	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	12 (32 in India in 2000 per Ethnologue)	Bihar
Malayalam	Dravidian	33	Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Puducherry
Manipuri (also Meitei or Meithei)	Tibeto-Burman	1.5	Manipur
Marathi	Indo-Aryan, Southern	72	Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka
Nepali	Indo-Aryan, Northern	2.9 in India	Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam
Oriya	Indo-Aryan, Eastern	33	Orissa
Punjabi	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	29 in India	Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Punjab
Sanskrit	Indo-Aryan	0.01	non-regional
Santhali	Munda	6.5	Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau (comprising the states of Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa)
Sindhi	Indo-Aryan, Northwestern	2.5 in India	non-regional
Tamil	Dravidian	61	Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Puducherry
Telugu	Dravidian	74	Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry
Urdu	Indo-Aryan, Central	52 in India	Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh

Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union".^[111]

[edit] Union-State and interstate communication

The language in which communications between different states, or from the union government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).^[21]

Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.^[112] Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Chandigarh^[113]) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.^[114] Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.^[115]

[edit] See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Official Languages Act, 1963

• Languages of India
• List of Indian languages by number of native speakers
• Names of the Indian Constitution in the official languages of India

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b} 1. Schwartzberg, Joseph E., 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica, India—Linguistic Composition. Quote: "By far the most widely spoken is Hindi, the country's official language, with more than 300 million speakers." 2. Oldenburg, Phillip. (1997-2007) Encarta Encyclopedia "India: Official Languages." Quote: "Hindi is the main language of more than 40 percent of the population. No single language other than Hindi can claim speakers among even 10 percent of the total population. Hindi was therefore made India’s official language in 1965. English, which was associated with British rule, was retained as an option for official use because some non-Hindi speakers, particularly in Tamil Nādu, opposed the official use of Hindi." 3. United Kingdom, Foreign and Commonwealth Office: India—Country Profile. Quote: "The official language of India is Hindi written in the Devanagari scriptt and spoken by some 30% of the population as a first language. Since 1965 English has been recognised as an 'associated language'." 4. UNESCO: Education for All—The Nine Largest Countries Quote: "Hindi is the language of 30% of the population and the official language of India." 5. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Profile: India Quote: "Languages: Hindi is the official language and the most commonly spoken, but not all dialects are mutually comprehensible. English also has official status and is widely used in business and politics, although knowledge of English varies widely from fluency to knowledge of just a few words." 6 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Country Profile: India Quote: "Hindi is constitutionally designated as the official language of India, with English as an associate official language."
2. ^ There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court
3. ^ Part XVII of the Constitution of India.
4. ^ Article 343 of the Constitution of India.
5. ^ Article 345 of the Constitution of India.
6. ^ Article 346 of the Constitution of India.
7. ^ Mollin, Sandra (2006). Euro-English: assessing variety status. Gunter Narr Verlag. pp. 17. ISBN 9783823362500. https://books.google.com/books?id=qPhULmMmqJMC&pg=PA17. 
8. ^ Kanchan Chandra, “Ethnic Bargains, Group Instability, and Social Choice Theory,” Politics and Society 29, 3: 337-62.
9. ^ Article 343(1).
10. ^ Articles 343(2) and (3).
11. ^ DOL
12. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities
13. ^ Language in India
14. ^ THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT, 1963
15. ^ National Portal of India : Know India : Profile
16. ^ Committee of Parliament on Official Language report
17. ^ Hardgrave, Robert L. (August 1965). "The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis". Asian Survey (University of California Press)
18. ^ "The force of words", Time, 1965-02-19, https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940936,00.html, retrieved 2007-06-05 
19. ^ Forrester, Duncan B. (Spring — Summer 1966), "The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India", Pacific Affairs 39 (1/2): 19–36, doi:10.2307/2755179 .
20. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(5).
21. ^ ^{a b} Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(1).
22. ^ Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27th April, 1960.
23. ^ ^{a b} Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 1.
24. ^ Article 120(1).
25. ^ Article 120(2).
26. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, S. 3(1)(b).
27. ^ Article 120(1) first proviso.
28. ^ Article 348(1).
29. ^ Official Languages Act, 1963, Ss. 5(1) and (2).
30. ^ Article 348(1)(a).
31. ^ Article 348(1), leading text.
32. ^ "Official language policy of the Union."
33. ^ S. 3(3) names, amongst others, resolutions, general orders, rules, notifications, administrative or other reports or press communiques issued by a government department, agency or corporation; administrative and other reports and official papers laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; and contracts and agreements executed, and licences, permits, notices and forms of tender issued by or on behalf of the government (including government companies).
34. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 1(ii)
35. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 4(a)
36. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraphs 4(b) and (c)
37. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 4(d)
38. ^ Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, paragraph 8
39. ^ ^{a b} Constitution of India, Article 350.
40. ^ "Official Language - Constitutional/Statutory Provisions". Government of India. https://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php. 
41. ^ Constitution of India, Article 345
42. ^ Constitution of India, Article 210.
43. ^ Articles 348(1) and (3).
44. ^ Constitution of India, Article 347.
45. ^ Constitution of India, Article 350A.
46. ^ Constitution of India, Article 348(2).
47. ^ S. 7
48. ^ Language in Courts - a bridge or a barrier?
49. ^ Special Correspondent (12 March 2007), "Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court", The Hindu: 1, https://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031205180100.htm .
50. ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language: A.P. Shah
51. ^ Silobreaker: Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court: Karu
52. ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre’s announcement
53. ^ indianexpress.com
54. ^ Tamil Nadu government press release
55. ^ "Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court". The New Indian Express. 23 June 2010. https://expressbuzz.com/cities/chennai/advocate-argues-in-tamil-in-high-court/183847.html. Retrieved 27 June 2010. 
56. ^ The Andhra Pradesh Official Language Act, 1966, declares Telugu to be the official language. This enactment was implemented by GO Ms No 420 in 2005. Rao, M. Malleswara (September 18, 2005), "Telugu declared official language", The Hindu (Online edition), https://www.hindu.com/2005/09/18/stories/2005091803740600.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
57. ^ Urdu is used as a second official language in certain districts for certain specific purposes. Fatihi, A.R. (April 2003), "Urdu in Andhra Pradesh", Language in India 3 (4), ISSN: 1930-2940, https://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html, retrieved 2007-07-16 
58. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 2.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
59. ^ Five languages spoken by the principal tribes in Arunachal Pradesh - Adi, Apatani, Bhoti, Khampti and Nishi are offered to students in state schools, however English is the language of administration and recruitment. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 2.3–2.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
60. ^ ^{a b} Assamese is the official language of the State. Bodo is used as an associate official language for specific purposes in the districts of Kokrajhar and Nalbari and in the Udalguri sub division. Bengali is used for administrative and other official purposes in the districts of the Barak valley.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 3.5, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 . See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 3.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
61. ^ In three districts of Barak Valley in Assam
62. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 20.5, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
63. ^ Urdu is recognised as an additional official language for seven specific purposes, namely, receiving and replying to representations from the public; receiving documents in government offices; publishing rules, regulations and notices; issuing important letters and orders; publishing important advertisements; publishing government gazettes; and signboards at important places and offices.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 20.5, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
64. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 39th report: July 2000 - June 2001, p. section 6, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113648/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/4.zip, retrieved 2007-07-16 
65. ^ ^{a b} The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used for "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 11.3, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06  A petition is pending before the Supreme Court demanding official language status to Marathi as well. UNI (May 30, 2007), Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa, https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/may/30goa.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 
66. ^ ^{a b} Fatihi, A.R. (September 9, 2003), "Urdu in Gujarat", Language in India 3, https://www.languageinindia.com/sep2003/urduingujarat.html, retrieved 2007-07-16 
67. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 28.3, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
68. ^ Punjabi is officially designated as the "second language" of Haryana in March 2010. Before that, Tamil was the official second language.Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana
69. ^ Himachal Pradesh adopted Hindi as the sole official language in 2008.Hindi to be official language of H.P.
70. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 29.7, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
71. ^ Article 145 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir makes Urdu the official language of the state, but provides for the continued use of English for all official purposes.
72. ^ Article 146 of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, read together with the sixth schedule thereto, requires the government of the state to establish an academy to develop eight regional languages, namely Kashmiri, Dogri, Balti, Dardi, Punjabi, Pahari, Ladakhi and Gojri. None of these, however, are official.
73. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 15.3, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
74. ^ "The Karnataka Official Language Act, 1963" (PDF), Official website of Government of Karnataka (Government of Karnataka), https://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf, retrieved 2007-07-16 
75. ^ "The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981" (PDF), Official website of Government of Karnataka (Government of Karnataka), https://dpal.kar.nic.in/30%20of%201981%20(E).pdf, retrieved 2007-07-16 
76. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 9.5, https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2009-10-14 ^{[dead link]}.
77. ^ ^{a b} "Malayalam, How to Arrest its Withering Away?", M. K. Chand Raj, Ph.D. on Language in India (Central Institute of Indian Languages,Mysore), https://www.languageinindia.com/feb2005/malayalamdevelopmentchandraj1.html, retrieved 2007-07-16 
78. ^ "Language and Literature", Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh (Government of Madhya Pradesh), https://www.mpgovt.nic.in/culture/language.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
79. ^ "Maharashtra Tourism: Trivia", Official website of Maharashtra Tourism (Government of Maharashtra), https://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/Trivia.html, retrieved 2007-07-16 
80. ^ Palkar, A.B (2007) (PDF), Report of One Man Commission Justice A.B.Palkar: Shri Bhaurao Dagadu Paralkar & Others V/s State of Maharashtra, I, pp. 41, https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/VOLUME-I.pdf, retrieved 2007-07-16 
81. ^ Section 2(f) of the Manipur Official Language Act, 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language (an older English name for the Meitei language) written in the Bengali scriptt. The Sangai Express, Mayek body threatens to stall proceeding, https://www.e-pao.net/epRelatedNews.asp?heading=9&src=290703, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
82. ^ Nine tribal languages are recognised for the purpose of education, but have no other official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 22.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
83. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 25.5, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 
84. ^ The 43rd report of the National Commission of Linguistic Minorities reports that, from a date to be determined, Khasi will have the status of an associate official language in the districts of the East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi. Garo will have a similar status in the districts of the East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 25.1, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 . On the 21st of March 2006, the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued. Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, Budget session: Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday, the 21st March 2006., https://megassembly.gov.in/questions/2006/21-03-2006s.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
85. ^ ^{a b} Mizo is the sole official language under the Official Languages Act. However, this statute does not apply to autonomous regions of Mizoram.Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
86. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, p. para 17.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
87. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 5.4, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
88. ^ ^{a b} Punjabi is the official language of the state. Section 8 of Punjab's Official Language Act requires the state Government to "take suitable steps to develop the Hindi language in the State" but does not give Hindi any official status. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 19.6, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 .
89. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 26.4, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
90. ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 27.3, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
91. ^ Government of Sikkim, Introduction to Sikkim, https://sikkim.nic.in/sws/home_int.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
92. ^ Eleven other languages — Bhutia, Lepcha, Limboo, Newari, Gurung, Mangar, Mukhia, Rai, Sherpa and Tamang - are termed "official", but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 27.3–27.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 . See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
93. ^ Whilst Tamil is the only official language, important communications are published in minority languages, and electoral rolls are published in Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam in areas where they are widely used. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004, p. para 15.4, archived from the original on 2007-10-08, https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
94. ^ ^{a b} Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003, p. para 17.3, archived from the original on 2007-02-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20070224124226/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/23.htm, retrieved 2007-06-16 .
95. ^ ^{a b} English, Hindi, and Urdu are the official languages of the state, although the purposes for which Urdu is used have not been fully described. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 7.3, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
96. ^ Sanskrit to be promoted with priority: Nishank Nishank, Sanskrit made official language, https://www.garhwalpost.com/index.php?mod=article&cat=Uttarakhand&article=5051, retrieved 2009-12-28 
97. ^ ^{a b} Hindi is the official language, and Urdu is used for seven specific purposes, similar to those for which it is used in Bihar. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. paras 6.1–6.2, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
98. ^ ^{a b} Bengali is the official language of West Bengal. Nepali is recognised as an additional official language in Darjeeling district. In addition, the government has a policy of replying to representations received in minority languages in those languages. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005, pp. para 18.4, https://nclm.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=203, retrieved 2007-07-16 .
99. ^ "Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence." Andaman District Administration, Profile, https://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 
100. ^ ^{a b} Urdu and Punjabi are the second official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill, 2000 Punjabi, Urdu made official languages in Delhi, The Times of India, 2003-06-25, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/43388.cms, retrieved 2007-07-17 
101. ^ ^{a b} Three languages are used for official purposes - Tamil, Telugu, and Malayalam. However, English and French are also reorganized for official purpose as per the official language policy. The official language policy of the union territory states that the Tamil language should be used for all or any of the official purposes of the union territory. In case of Mahe and Yanam, Malayalam and Telugu may be respectively used for official purpose. The English language may also be used for all or any of the official purposes. The French language shall remain the official language of the establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise (ACT 28, Gazetteer, Pondicherry Vol. 1, P. II)Multilingualism and second language acquisition and learning in Pondicherry
102. ^ Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Puducherry, General Information on Puducherry, https://www.ceopondicherry.nic.in/Bkground/GeneralInfo.htm, retrieved 2007-06-06 ^{[dead link]}
103. ^ Constitution of India, Article 344(1).
104. ^ Constitution of India, Article 351.
105. ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 2.
106. ^ Official Languages Resolution, 1968, para. 4.
107. ^ National Portal of India : Government : Constitution of India
108. ^ Constitution of India, page 330, EIGHTH SCHEDULE, Articles 344 (1) and 351]. Languages.
109. ^ Official 2001 census data
110. ^ The 2001 census records two figures, of 258 million and 422 million "Hindi" speakers. However, both figures include languages other than Standard Hindi, such as Rajasthani (ca. 80 million in independent estimates), Bhojpuri (40 million), Awadhi (38 million), Chhattisgarhi (18 million), and dozens of other languages with a million to over ten million speakers apiece. The figure of 422 million specifically includes all such people, whereas the figure of 258 depends on speaker identification as recorded in the census. For example, of the estimated 38 million Awadhi speakers, only 2½ million gave their language as "Awadhi", with the rest apparently giving it as "Hindi", and of the approximately 80 million Rajasthani speakers, only 18 million were counted separately. Maithili, listed as a separate language in the 2001 census but previously considered a dialect of Hindi, also appeared to be severely undercounted.
111. ^ "A Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri Sita Kant Mohapatra to make recommendation, inter-alia on the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution, including Tamil, as Official Languages of the Union. The Government will consider the recommendations of the Committee and take a suitable decision in the matter."Indian parliament
112. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(1).
113. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 2(g).
114. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(2).
115. ^ Official Languages Rules, 1976, para. 3(3).

[edit] External links

• Department of Official Language (DOL) – Official webpage explains the chronological events related to Official Languages Act and amendments
• Central Institute of Indian Languages – A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages
• Reconciling Linguistic Diversity: The History and the Future of Language Policy in India by Jason Baldridge
• Ethnologue – Ethnologue report on the languages of India
• TDIL-MCIT,GoI – Technology Development for Indian Languages, Government of India
• The force of words - A TIME magazine article about India's language controversy
• Multi-lingualism and language policy in India

[show]v · d · e (Official) Languages of India   Union-level Official languages Hindi · English   State-level Official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · English  · Garo · Gujarati · Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tamil · Urdu

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India"

Categories: Lists of Indo-European languages | Languages of India

https://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php

Official Language

Official Language - Constitutional/Statutory Provisions

Article 343(1) of the Constitution provides that Hindi in Devanagari scriptt shall be the Official Language of the Union. Article 343(2) also provided for continuing the use of English in official work of the Union for a period of 15 years (i.e., up to 25 January 1965) from the date of commencement of the Constitution. Article 343(3) empowered the parliament to provide by law for continued use of English for official purposes even after 25 January 1965. Accordingly, section 3(2) of the Official Languages Act, 1963 (amended in 1967) provides for continuing the use of English in official work even after 25 January 1965. The Act also lays down that both Hindi and English shall compulsorily be used for certain specified purposes such as Resolutions, General Orders, Rules, Notifications, Administrative and other Reports, Press Communiqués; Administrative and other Reports and Official Papers to be laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; Contracts, Agreements, Licences, Permits, Tender Notices and Forms of Tender, etc.

In 1976, Official Language Rules were framed under the provisions of section 8(1) of the Official Languages Act, 1963. Its salient features are as under:

1. They apply to all Central Government Offices, including any office of a Commission, Committee or Tribunal appointed by the Central Government and Corporation or Company owned or controlled by it;
2. Communications from a Central Government Office to State/Union Territories or to any person in Region "A" comprising the States of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Haryana and UTs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Delhi, shall be in Hindi;
3. Communications from a Central Government Office to States/UTs in Region "B" comprising the States of Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra and the Union Territory of Chandigarh, shall ordinarily be in Hindi. However, communication to any person in Region "B" may be either in English or Hindi;
4. Communications from a Central Government Office to a State Government Office in region 'C' comprising all other States and UTs not included in region 'A' & 'B' or to any office (note being a Central Government Office) or person shall be in English;
5. Communications between Central Government Offices and from Central Government Offices to the Offices of the State Governments/Union Territories and individuals, etc., will be in Hindi in such proportions as may be determined from time to time;
6. All Manuals, Codes and other Procedural literature relating to Central Government Offices are required to be prepared both in Hindi and English. All Forms, Headings of Registers, Name Plates, Notice Boards and various items of stationery, etc., are also required to be in Hindi and English;
7. It shall be the responsibility of the officer signing the documents specified in section 3(3) of the Act to ensure that these are issued both in Hindi and English
8. Shall be the responsibility of the administrative head of each Central Government Office to ensure that the provisions of the Act, the Rules and directions issued under Sub-Rule-2 are properly complied with and to devise suitable and effective check points for this purpose

Policy

In compliance with the Official Language Resolution, 1968, an Annual Programme is prepared by the Department of Official Language in which targets are set for the offices of the Central Government with regard to originating correspondence, telegrams, telex, etc., in Hindi. A Quarterly Progress Report is called for from the offices of the Central Government regarding achievements vis-à-vis the said targets. An Annual Assessment Report is prepared on the basis of the Quarterly Progress Reports, which is laid on the Tables of both Houses of the Parliament and copies endorsed to State Governments and the Ministries/Departments of the Central Government.

Eight Regional Implementation Offices have been established at Bangalore, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad to monitor the implementation of Official Language Policy of the Union.

Committees/Samities

A Committee of Parliament on Official Language was constituted in 1976 under section 4 of the Official Languages Act, 1963 to periodically review the progress in the use of Hindi as the Official Language of the Union and to submit a report to the President. The Committee consists of 20 Members of the Lok Sabha and 10 of the Rajya Sabha. The Committee have decided to submit its report in parts. It has so far submitted to the President eight parts of its report. The Presidential Orders on seven parts of its report have been issued and work is in progress on the eighth part.

The Kendriya Hindi Samiti was constituted in the year 1967. It is chaired by the Prime Minister. It is the apex policy making body which lays down the guidelines for the propagation and progressive use of Hindi as Official Language of the Union.

Under the directions of the Kendriya Hindi Samiti, Hindi Salahakar Samitis have been constituted in all Ministries/Departments under the chairmanship of the Ministers concerned. These Samitis periodically review the progress in the use of Hindi in their respective Ministries/Departments and the offices/undertakings and suggest measures to promote the use of Hindi.

Besides, the Central Official Language Implementation Committee [headed by Secretary, Department of Official Language and consisting of Joint Secretaries (In-charge Official Language) of all the Ministries/Departments as ex-officio members] reviews the status of use of Hindi for official purposes of the Union, training of its employees in Hindi and implementation of instructions issued from time to time by the Department of Official Language and suggests measure for removing the shortcomings and difficulties noticed in implementing these instructions.

Town Official Language Implementation Committees are constituted in different towns having ten or more Central Government offices, etc., to review the progress made in the use of Hindi in their member offices and exchange experiences. So far 255 Town Official Language Implementation Committees have been constituted all over the country.

Award Schemes

The Indira Gandhi Rajbhasha Awards Scheme has been in operation since 1986-87. Shields are given every year to Ministries/Departments, Banks and Financial Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings and Town Official Language Implementation Committees for outstanding achievements in the implementation of the Official Language Policy of the Union. Cash awards are given to the working/retired employees of the Central Government, Banks, Financial Institutions, Universities, Training Institutions and Autonomous Bodies of the Central Government for writing original books in Hindi.

The National Awards Scheme for Original Book writing on Gyan-Vigyan has been renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Awards Scheme for Original Book Writing in Hindi for promoting writing of books in Hindi on all branches of modern Science/Technology and contemporary subjects. This Scheme is open to all citizens of India.

At Regional level, Regional Official Language Awards are given each year to the Regional/Subordinate Offices, Public Sector Undertakings, Town Official Language Implementation Committees, Banks and Financial Institutions of the Central Government for outstanding achievements in implementing the Official Language Policy of the Union and accelerating the progressive use of Hindi.

Training

Under the Hindi Teaching Scheme, administered by the Department of Official Language, training in Hindi language is being imparted through 119 full-time and 49 part-time centres throughout the country. Likewise, training in Hindi Stenography and Hindi Typing is being provided through 23 full-time and 38 part-time centres. Thus, training in Hindi is being provided in 229 centres located in different parts of the country. Five Regional Offices of Hindi Teaching Scheme at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Guwahati are providing academic and administrative support to the Hindi Teaching Scheme in the East, West, North-Central, South and North-East Regions. To fulfill the increasing demand of Hindi training of North Eastern region a new Regional Headquarter has been established at Guwahati and new Hindi training centres have been established at Imphal, Aizwal and Agartala.

The Kendriya Hindi Prashikshan Sansthan was established on 31 August 1985, as a subordinate office of the Department of Official Language, with the objective of providing Hindi Training through condensed courses in Hindi language/typing and stenography as also training through correspondence in Hindi language and Hindi Typewriting. Its sub-institutes were opened in Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore in 1988 and in Chennai and Hyderabad in 1990. Training of Hindi typing on computers is being imparted at almost all the typing/stenography centres in the country.

The Central Translation Bureau was set up in March 1971 for translation of different types of non-statutory literature, manuals/codes, forms, etc., of various Ministries/Departments, Offices of the Central Government and Public Sector Undertakings, Banks, etc. The Bureau has also been entrusted with the responsibility of conducting translation training courses for the officers/employees associated with the translation work. Initially, translation training courses of 3 months were being conducted at the Headquarters in New Delhi. In order to strengthen training facilities and meet regional requirements, Translation Training Centres have been established in Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. Besides, Central Translation Bureau also conducts short-term translation courses for Central Government employees.

Technical

In order to facilitate the use of Official Language with the help of Mechanical and Electronic equipment, especially computers, a Technical Cell was set up in the Department of Official Language in October 1983. The main activities of the Cell are as under:

• Development of "Language application tools" - Under this programme LILA Rajbhasha, a self-learning package through the medium of Bangla, English, Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu has been developed, MANTRA Rajbhasha, an aid tool for English to Hindi translation has also been developed
• Organising computer training programmes in Hindi - Every year around 100 training programmes are conducted to impart training for the use of Hindi on computers
• Organising exhibitions and seminars on bilingual computing - Technical seminars are held to help the users and manufacturers come face to face to discuss the use of Hindi software, etc.

The Department of Official Language has now set up its portal www.rajbhasha.gov.in (External website that opens in a new window).

Publications

The Department of Official Language brings out 'Rajbhasha Bharati', a quarterly magazine, dedicated for encouraging writings in the field of Official Language, literature, technology, information technology, etc., in Hindi and also to give wide publicity to the efforts being made in different Central Government Offices for the use and propagation of Official Language Hindi. So far 112 issues of Rajbhasha Bharati have been published. Likewise, Annual Programme for implementation of the Official Language policy is brought out every year. Annual Assessment Report regarding the use of Official Language in different Ministries/Departments and offices of the Central Government/Public Sector Undertakings, etc., is also brought out every year and laid on the tables of both the houses of Parliament. Official Language Manual, Calendars, Films, Posters, etc., are also brought out to give information regarding the activities relating to propagation and progressive use of Hindi as the Official Language.

https://bharat.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php

राजभाषा

राजभाषा - संवैधानिक/वैधानिक प्रावधान

संविधान की धारा 343(1) के अनुसार देवनागरी लिपि में हिन्‍दी संघ की राजभाषा होगी। धारा 343(2) में अंग्रेजी को आधिकारिक कार्य में उपयोग संविधान आंरभ होने की तिथि के 15 वर्ष (अर्थात 25 जनवरी 1965) की अवधि तक जारी रखने के लिए कहा गया है। धारा 343(3) में संसद को 25 जनवरी 1965 के बाद भी आधिकारिक प्रयोजनों के लिए अंग्रेजी के उपयोग को जारी करने के‍ लिए कानून बनाने का अधिकार दिया गया है। तदनुसार राजभाषा अधिनियम, 1963 (संशोधित 1967) की धारा 3(2) के अनुसार 25 जनवरी 1965 के बाद भी आधिकारिक कार्य में अंग्रेजी के उपयोग को जारी रखने के बात कही गई है। इस अधिनियम में यह भी बताया गया है कि हिन्‍दी और अंग्रेजी दोनों भाषाओं का उपयोग कुछ विशिष्‍ट प्रयोजनों के लिए अनिवार्य रूप से किया जाएगा जैसे कि प्रस्‍ताव, सामान्‍य आदेश, नियम, अधिसूचना, प्रशासनिक तथा अन्‍य रिपोर्ट, प्रेस सम्‍प्रेषण, प्रशासनिक और अन्‍य रिपोर्ट तथा संसद के सदनों या सदन में रखे जाने वाले आधिकारिक पत्र; संविदाएं, करार, लाइसेंस, अनुज्ञा पत्र, निविदा सूचनाएं और निविदा के प्रपत्र आदि।

1976 में राजभाषा अधिनियम, 1963 की धारा 8(1) के प्रावधानों के तहत राजभाषा के नियम बनाए गए थे। इसकी प्रमुख विशेषताएं निम्‍नानुसार हैं:

1. ये आयुक्‍त, समिति या ट्रिब्‍यूनल के किसी कार्यालय सहित सभी केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों पर लागू होंगे, जिनकी नियुक्ति केन्द्रीय सरकार द्वारा की गई है और निगम या इसके द्वारा स्‍वामित्‍व वाली अथवा नियंत्रित कंपनियां;
2. केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालय से राज्‍य / संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्र या ''क'' क्षेत्र में रहने वाले किसी व्‍यक्ति को भेजा गया संप्रेषण हिन्‍दी में होगा, जो हैं उत्तर प्रदेश, उत्तराखण्‍ड, हिमाचल प्रदेश, मध्‍य प्रदेश, छत्तीसगढ़, बिहार, झारखण्‍ड, राजस्‍थान, हरियाणा और अंडमान तथा निकोबार द्वीप समूह एवं दिल्‍ली;
3. केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालय से राज्‍य / संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्र या ''ख'' क्षेत्र में रहने वाले किसी व्‍यक्ति को भेजा गया संप्रेषण हिन्‍दी में होगा, जो हैं पंजाब, गुजरात, महाराष्‍ट्र और चंडीगढ़ संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्र। यद्यपि क्षेत्र ''ख'' में रहने वाले किसी व्‍यक्ति को भेजा गया संप्रेषण अंग्रेजी या हिन्‍दी में हो सकता है।
4. केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालय से ''ग'' क्षेत्र में राज्‍य सरकार के कार्यालय, जिसमें वे अन्‍य सभी राज्‍य और संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्र शामिल हैं या किसी कार्यालय (जो केन्‍द्रीय सरकार का कार्यालय नहीं है) या व्‍यक्ति को भेजा गया संप्रेषण अंग्रेजी में होगा जिन्‍हें क्षेत्र ''क'' और ''ख'' में नहीं लिया गया है।
5. केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों के बीच और केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों से राज्‍य सरकारों / संघ राज्‍य क्षेत्र की सरकारों के कार्यालयों एवं व्‍यक्तियों के बीच सम्‍प्रेषण इस अनुपात में हिन्‍दी में होगा, जैसा समय समय पर निर्धारित किया जाता है।
6. केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालय से संबंधित सभी हस्‍तपुस्तिकाएं, संहिताएं और अन्‍य प्रक्रियागत साहित्‍य हिन्‍दी और अंग्रेजी दोनों में तैयार किया जाएगा। सभी प्रपत्र, पंजिकाओं के शीर्षक, नाम पट्टिकाएं, सूचना पटल और स्‍टेशनरी आदि के विभिन्‍न मद भी हिन्‍दी और अंग्रेजी दोनों में तैयार किए जाएंगे।
7. यह अधिनियम की धारा 3(3) में निर्दिष्‍ट दस्‍तावेजों पर हस्‍ताक्षर करने वाले अधिकारी का दायित्‍व होगा कि वह इन्‍हें हिन्‍दी और अंग्रेजी दोनों में जारी करें।
8. यह प्रत्‍येक केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालय के प्रशासनिक प्रमुख का दायित्‍व होगा कि वह उप नियम 2 के तहत जारी अधिनियम, नियमों और निर्देशों के प्रावधानों का उचित रूप से पालन सुनिश्चित करें तथा इस प्रयोजन के लिए उपयुक्‍त और प्रभावी जांच बिन्‍दु संकल्पित करें।

नीति

राजभाषा संकल्‍प 1968 का पालन करते हुए एक वार्षिक कार्यक्रम राजभाषा विभाग द्वारा तैयार किया जाएगा, जिसमें केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों के लिए हिन्‍दी में पत्राचार, टेलीग्राम, टेलेक्‍स आदि भेजने के विषय में लक्ष्‍य तय किए जाएंगे। उपलब्धियों तथा कथित लक्ष्‍यों के बारे में केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों से एक तिमाही प्रगति रिपोर्ट मंगाई जाएगी। तिमाही प्रगति रिपोर्टों के आधार पर एक वार्षिक आकलन रिपोर्ट तैयार की जाएगी, जिसे संसद के दोनों सदनों के पटल पर रखा जाएगा और इसकी प्रतियां राज्‍य सरकारों तथा केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के मंत्रालयों / विभागों को पृष्‍ठांकित की जाएंगी।

बैंगलोर, को‍चीन, मुम्‍बई, कोलकाता, गुवाहाटी, भोपाल, दिल्‍ली और गाजियाबाद में आठ क्षेत्रीय कार्यान्‍वयन कार्यालयों की स्‍थापना संघ की राजभाषा नीति के कार्यान्‍वयन की निगरानी हेतु की गई है।

समि‍तियां

राजभाषा अधिनियम, 1963 की धारा 4 के तहत 1976 में गठित राजभाषा पर एक संसदीय समिति संघ में राजभाषा के रूप में हिन्‍दी के उपयोग की आवधिक समीक्षा करने के लिए तथा इसकी रिपोर्ट राष्‍ट्रपति को सौंपने के लिए गठित की गई थी। इस समिति में लोक सभा के 20 और राज्‍य सभा के 10 सदस्‍य होते हैं। समिति ने अपनी रिपोर्ट हिस्‍सों में जमा करने का निर्णय लिया है। अब तक इस रिपोर्ट के आठ भाग राष्‍ट्रपति के पास जमा किए जा चुके हैं। इसकी रिपोर्ट के सात भागों पर राष्‍ट्रपति के आदेश जारी किए जा चुके हैं और आठवें भाग पर कार्य प्रगति पर हैं।

वर्ष 1967 में केन्‍द्रीय हिन्‍दी समिति का गठन किया गया था। इसके अध्‍यक्ष प्रधानमंत्री हैं। यह नीति निर्माता शीर्ष निकाय है, जो संघ की राजभाषा के रूप में हिन्‍दी के प्रगामी उपयोग और प्रवर्धन के लिए मार्गदर्शी सिद्धांत बनाता है।

केन्‍द्रीय हिन्‍दी समिति के निर्देशों के अधीन संबंधित मंत्रियों की अध्‍यक्षता में सभी मंत्रालयों / विभागों में हिन्‍दी सलाहकार समितियां गठित की गई हैं। ये समितियां अपने संबंधित मंत्रालयों / विभागों तथा कार्यालयों और उपक्रमों में हिन्‍दी के उपयोग की प्रगति की समीक्षा आवधिक रूप से करती हैं और हिन्‍दी के उपयोग को बढ़ावा देने के सुझाव देती हैं।

इसके अलावा केन्‍द्रीय राजभाषा कार्यान्‍वयन समिति (राजभाषा विभाग के सचिव की अध्‍यक्षता में और सभी मंत्रालयों / विभागों के राजभाषा के प्रभारी संयुक्‍त सचिवों के साथ पदेन सदस्‍यों के रूप में) द्वारा संघ के आधिकारिक प्रयोजनों के लिए हिन्‍दी के उपयोग की स्थिति की समीक्षा की जाती है, राजभाषा विभाग द्वारा समय समय पर जारी अनुदेशों का कार्यान्‍वयन किया जाता है और हिन्‍दी में इसके कर्मचारियों को प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता है। तथा इन अनुदेशों के कार्यान्‍वयन में देखी गई कमियों और कठिनाइयों को दूर करने के उपाय सुझाए जाते हैं।

दस या दस से अधिक केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कार्यालयों वाले शहरों में हिन्‍दी के उपयोग की प्रगति की समीक्षा के लिए उनके सदस्‍य कार्यालयों में शहर राजभाषा कार्यान्‍वयन समिति गठित की जाती है और अनुभवों को आपस में बांटा जाता है। देश भर में अब तक 255 शहर राजभाषा कार्यान्‍वयन समितियां गठित की गई हैं।

पुरस्‍कार योजना

वर्ष 1986-87 से इंदिरा गांधी राजभाषा पुरस्‍कार योजना प्रचालनरत है। प्रत्‍येक वर्ष मंत्रालयों / विभागें, बैंकों और वित्तीय संस्‍थानों, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र प्रतिष्‍ठानों तथा शहर राजभाषा कार्यान्‍वयन समितियों को संघ की राजभाषा नीति के कार्यान्‍वयन में असाधारण उपलब्धियों के लिए पदक दिए जाते हैं। केन्‍द्रीय सरकार, बैंकों, वित्तीय संस्‍थानों, विश्‍वविद्यालयों, प्रशिक्षण संस्‍थानों और केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के स्‍वायत्त निकायों को हिन्‍दी में मूल पुस्‍तकें लिखने वाले कार्यरत / सेवा निवृत्त कर्मचारियों को नकद पुरस्‍कार दिए जाते हैं।

ज्ञान विज्ञान पर मूल पुस्‍तक लेखन के लिए एक राष्‍ट्रीय पुरस्‍कार योजना को आधुनिक विज्ञान/ प्रौद्योगिकी तथा समकालीन विषयों की सभी शाखाओं में हिन्‍दी भाषा में पुस्‍तकें लिखने को प्रोत्‍साहन देने के लिए इसे राजीव गांधी राष्‍ट्रीय पुरस्‍कार योजना का नाम दिया गया है। यह योजना भारत के सभी नागरिकों के लिए खुली है।

क्षेत्रीय स्‍तर पर क्षेत्रीय राजभाषा पुरस्‍कार प्रति वर्ष संघ की राजभाषा नीति के कार्यान्‍वयन और हिन्‍दी के प्रगामी उपयोग को आगे बढ़ाने में असाधारण उपलब्धियों के लिए क्षेत्रीय / अधीनस्‍थ कार्यालयों, सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र उपक्रमों, शहर राजभाषा कार्यान्‍वयन समितियों, बैंकों और केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के वित्तीय संस्‍थानों को पुरस्‍कार दिए जाते हैं।

प्रशिक्षण

राजभाषा विभाग द्वार प्रशासित हिन्‍दी शिक्षण योजना के तहत 119 पूर्ण कालिक और 49 अशंकालिक केन्‍द्रों के माध्‍यम से हिन्‍दी भाषा में प्रशिक्षण दिया जाता रहा है, जो देश भर में फैले हुए हैं। इसी प्रकार 23 पूर्णकालिक और 38 अंशकालिक केन्‍द्रों के माध्‍यम से हिन्‍दी आशुलेखन और हिन्‍दी टंकण में प्रशिक्षण प्रदान किया जा रहा है। हिन्‍दी में प्रशिक्षण देश के विभिन्‍न भागों में स्थित 229 केन्‍द्रों में प्रदान किया जा रहा है। कोलकाता, मुम्‍बई, दिल्‍ली, चेन्‍नई और गुवाहाटी के हिन्‍दी शिक्षण योजना के पांच क्षेत्रीय कार्यालय पूर्ण, पश्चिम, उत्तर - मध्‍य, दक्षिण और पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्रों में हिन्‍दी शिक्षण योजना को शैक्षिक तथा प्रशासनिक सहायता प्रदान करते हैं। पूर्वोत्तर क्षेत्र के हिन्‍दी प्रशिक्षण की बढ़ती मांग को पूरा करने के लिए एक नए क्षेत्रीय मुख्‍यालय की स्‍थापना गुवाहाटी में की गई है और इम्‍फाल, एज़वाल तथा अगरतला में नए हिन्‍दी प्रशिक्षण केन्‍द्र खोले गए हैं।

केन्‍द्रीय हिन्‍दी प्रशिक्षण संस्‍थान की स्‍थापना 31 अगस्‍त, 1985 को राजभाषा विभाग के एक अधीनस्‍थ कार्यालय के रूप में हिन्‍दी भाषा / टंकण तथा आशुलेखन में संघनित पाठ्यक्रमों के माध्‍यम से हिन्‍दी प्रशिक्षण प्रदान करने के साथ ही हिन्‍दी भाषा और हिन्‍दी टंकण में पत्राचार पाठ्यक्रमों के माध्‍यम से भी प्रशिक्षण देने उद्देश्‍य के साथ की गई थी। मुम्‍बई, कोलकाता और बैंगलोर में 1988 के दौरान तथा चेन्‍नई और हैदराबाद में 1990 के दौरान इसके उप संस्‍थान खोले गए। हिन्‍दी टंकण का प्रशिक्षण कम्‍प्‍यूटर पर देने की व्‍यवस्‍था देश के लगभग सभी टंकण/ आशुलेखन केन्‍द्रों में की जा रही है।

केन्‍द्रीय अनुवाद ब्‍यूरो की स्‍थापना मार्च 1971 में विभिन्‍न मंत्रालयों / विभागों, केन्‍द्र सरकार के कार्यालयों और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र के उपक्रमों, बैंकों आदि के विभिन्‍न गैर वैधानिक साहित्‍य, हस्‍तपुस्तिकाओं / संहिताओं, प्रपत्रों आदि के विभिन्‍न प्रकारों के अनुवाद हेतु की गई थी। इस ब्‍यूरो को अनुवाद कार्य के साथ जुड़े अधिकारियों / कर्मचारियों के लिए अनुवाद प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रमों को आयोजित करने के दायित्‍व सौंपे गए हैं। आरंभ में नई दिल्‍ली स्थित मुख्‍यालय में 3 माह का अनुवाद प्रशिक्षण पाठ्यक्रम आयोजित किया जाता था, प्रशिक्षण सुविधाओं को सुदृढ़ बनाने और क्षेत्रीय आवश्‍यकताओं को पूरा करने के लिए मुम्‍बई, बैंगलोर और कोलकाता में अनुवाद प्रशिक्षण केन्‍द्रों की स्‍थापना की गई है। इसके अलावा केन्‍द्रीय अनुवाद ब्‍यूरो द्वारा केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के कर्मचारियों के लिए अल्‍पावधि अनुवाद पाठ्यक्रम भी आयोजित किए जाते हैं।

तकनीकी

यांत्रिक और इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरणों, विशेष रूप से कम्‍प्‍यूटर की सहायता से राजभाषा के उपयोग की सुविधा प्रदान करने के लिए अक्‍तूबर 1983 में राजभाषा विभाग के तहत एक तकनीकी प्रकोष्‍ठ स्‍थापित किया गया था। इस प्रकोष्‍ठ की मुख्‍य गतिविधियां इस प्रकार हैं:

• ''भाषा अनुप्रयोग साधन'' का विकास - इस कार्यक्रम के तहत लीला राजभाषा, बंगला, अंग्रेजी, कन्‍नड़, मलयालम, तमिल और तेलुगु के माध्‍यम से स्‍व्‍यं सीखने के पैकेज का विकास किया गया है, मंत्रा राजभाषा अंग्रेजी से हिन्‍दी अनुवाद का एक सहायक साधन है, जिसका विकास किया गया है।
• हिन्‍दी में कम्‍प्‍यूटर प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन - प्रतिवर्ष कम्‍प्‍यूटर पर हिन्‍दी के उपयोग के लिए प्रशिक्षण देने हेतु लगभग 100 प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रमों का आयोजन किया जाता है।
• द्विभाषी अभिकलन पर प्रदर्शनियां और गोष्ठियां आयोजित करना - प्रयोक्‍ताओं तथा निर्माताओं को सहायता देने के लिए तकनीकी गोष्ठियां आयोजित की जाती हैं जहां हिन्‍दी के सॉफ्टवेयर के उपयोग पर आमने सामने चर्चा की जाती है।

राजभाषा विभाग ने अब अपने पोर्टल का गठन किया है। www.rajbhasha.gov.in (बाहरी वेबसाइट जो एक नई विंडों में खुलती हैं).

प्रकाशन

राजभाषा विभाग द्वारा एक तिमाही पत्रिका ''राजभाषा भारती'' का प्रकाशन किया जाता है जो हिन्‍दी में राजभाषा, साहित्‍य, प्रौद्योगिकी, सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी आदि के क्षेत्र में लेखन को प्रोत्‍साहन देने एवं केन्‍द्रीय सरकार के विभिन्‍न कार्यालयों में राजभाषा हिन्‍दी के उपयोग और प्रवर्धन के लिए किए जा रहे प्रयासों को व्‍यापक प्रचार प्रदान करने हेतु समर्पित है। अब तक राजभाषा भारती के 112 अंक प्रकाशित किए गए हैं। इसी प्रकार राजभाषा नीति के कार्यान्‍वयन का एक वार्षिक कार्यक्रम हर वर्ष तैयार किया जाता है। विभिन्‍न मंत्रालयों / विभागों तथा केन्‍द्रीय सरकार / सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र उपक्रमों आदि के कार्यालयों में राजभाषा के उपयोग के विषय में वार्षिक आकलन रिपोर्ट प्रतिवर्ष प्रकाशित की जाती है और इसे संसद के दोनों सदनों के पटल पर रखा जाता है। राजभाषा के मेनुअल, केलेण्‍डर, फिल्‍में, पोस्‍टर आदि निकाले जाते हैं जिन से राजभाषा के रूप में हिन्‍दी के प्रगामी उपयोग और प्रवर्धन से संबंधित गतिविधियों के विषय में जानकारी दी जा सके।

ENGLISH is OFFICIAL LANGUAGE of UOI n HINDI is IN ADDITION

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HINDI IS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE AND ENGLISH IS ADDITIONAL OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF UOI,

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https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/forum/ENGLISH-can-be-NATIONAL-AND-OFFICIAL-LANGUAGE-of-UOI-29859.asp?