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Bhushan Sheth (Manager)     20 January 2011

Preferential allotment of shares

Company A is a pvt ltd company and has four shareholders  - W, X, Y and Z

W holds 65%

 X holds - 23%

Y holds 6 %

Z holds 6 %

The articles of association mention that article 81 must be followed (although article 81 itself is not applicable to pvt. ltd. companies).

W decided to issue new shares and allotted these shares only to himself and to Y and Z without offering them to X who holds 23 %.

There was no general meeting called..there was no special resolution passed.  Can X oppose this ?

We know it is easy to manipulate the AGM minutes and backdate this but what can X do to protect his rights without having his shareholding diluted ? As total of W plus Y plus Z is 77% which is more than 75 %, how can X prevent abuse.

Can X challenge actions of W, Y and Z with pvt Company Law Board ?

Regards,

Bhushan



Learning

 6 Replies

CHANDAN MAHAPATRA (COMPANY SECRETARY)     20 January 2011

The above case has many simple remedies to protect the rights of the aggrieved shareholder in the Companies Act itself.

However  before I go into the remedial action I would like you to clarify -

what exactly is  Article 81  ? Does it relate to Companies Act or to some other act? I had found the same mention in  one of your other query also.

sanjay kumar (BE/ LLM in Corporate Laws)     20 January 2011

You have a case of Oppression by the majority share-holder. Kindly go through the Section-397/399/400 of The Companies Act.

Sec 397 - Application to Company Law Board for relief in cases of oppression.

(1) Any member of a company who complain that the affairs of the company are

being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest or in a manner

oppressive to any member or members (including any one or more of themselves)

may apply to the Company Law Board for an order under this section, provided

such members have a right so to apply in virtue of section 399.

(2) If, on any application under sub-section (1), the Company Law Board is of

opinion

(a) that the company's affairs are being conducted in a manner prejudicial

to public interest or in a manner oppressive to any member or members;

and

(b) that to wind up the company would unfairly prejudice such member or

members, but that otherwise the facts would justify the making of a

winding up order on the ground that it was just and equitable that the

company should be wound up ;

the Company Law Board may, with a view to bringing to an end the matters

complained of, make such order as it thinks fit.

Sec 399 - Right to apply under sections 397 and 398.

(1) The following members of a company shall have the right to apply under

section 397 or 398 :

(a) in the case of a company having a share capital, not less than one

hundred members of the company or not less than one-tenth of the total

number of its members, whichever is less, or any member or members

holding not less than one-tenth of the issued share capital of the company,

provided that the applicant or applicants have paid all calls and other sums

due on their shares ;

(b) in the case of a company not having a share capital, not less than onefifth

of the total number of its members.

M V Gupta (Advocate)     21 January 2011

Any increase in the share capital requires approval of the GB. Pl check ur AOA and the ACt. Such incresed cpital should be offered to all the  existing share holders of PVT ltd company. If the legal procdures are not followed the allotment to few of the share holders ignoring the others would be illegal. Act in consultaion with your lawyers on the correct course of action to be followed based on the exct facts of the case.

Bhushan Sheth (Manager)     21 January 2011

Dear Friends,

Article 81 is to be applied only to public limited companies and NOT to private limited companies.  However, the articles of association of the pvt limited company above has mentioned that article 81 is to be followed. 

What is contradictory is that Article 81 cannot be applied to a private company - please read 81 (3) a).

However as the articles of association mentions that article 81 must be followed – this means that 81 1(A) can be followed which allows for further issue of shares without necessarily offering existing shareholders.

Need an expert to clarify the above.  Also, Mr. Garg's article link https://www.caclubindia.com/experts/fresh-issue-of-shares-by-a-pvt-ltd-co--420510.asp also mentions a similar thing.

Article 81 is reproduced below:

81. Further issue of capital

(1) 1[Where at any time after the expiry of two years the formation of a company or at any time after the expiry of one year from the allotment of shares in that company made for the first time after its formation, whichever is earlier, it is proposed to increase the subscribers capital of the company by allotment of further shares, then,-]

(a) such 2[further] shares shall be offered to the persons who, at the date of the offer, are holders of the equity shares of the company, in proportion, as nearly as circumstances admit, to the capital paid-up on those shares at that date;

(b) the offer aforesaid shall be made by notice specifying the number of shares offered and limiting a time not being less than fifteen days from the date of the offer within which the offer, if not accepted, will be deemed to have been declined;

(c) unless the articles of the company otherwise provide, the offer aforesaid shall be deemed to include a right exercisable by the person concerned to renounce the shares offered to him or any of them in favour of any other person; and the notice referred to in clause (b) shall contain a statement of this right;

(d) after the expiry of the time specified in the notice aforesaid, or on receipt of earlier intimation from the person to whom such notice is given that he declines to accept the shares offered, the Board of directors may dispose of them in such manner as they think most beneficial to the company.

Explanation.-In this sub-section, "equity share capital" and "equity shares" have the same meaning as in section 85.

3[(1A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), the further shares aforesaid may be offered to any persons [whether or not those persons include the persons referred to in clause (a) of sub-section (1)] in any manner whatsoever-

(a) if a special resolution to that effect is passed by the company in general meeting, or

(b) where no such special resolution is passed, if the votes cast (whether on a show of hands, or on a poll, as the case may be) in favour of the proposal contained in the resolution moved in that general meeting (including the casting vote, if any of the Chairman) by members who, being entitled so to do, vote in person, or where proxies are allowed, by proxy, exceed the votes, if any, cast against the proposal by members so entitled and voting and the Central Government is satisfied, on an application made by the Board of directors in this behalf, that the proposal is most beneficial to the company.]

(2) Nothing in clause (c) of sub-section (1) shall be deemed-

(a) to extend the time within which the offer should be accepted, or

(b) to authorise any person to exercise the right of renunciation for a second time, on the ground that the person in whose favour the renunciation was first made has declined to take the shares comprised in the renunciation.

4[(3) Nothing in this section shall apply-

(a) to a private company; or

(b) to the increase of the subscribed capital of a public company caused by the exercise of an option attached to debentures issued or loans raised by the company-

(i) to convert such debentures or loans into shares in the company, or

(ii) to subscribe for shares in the company:

5[Provided that the terms of issue of such debentures or the terms of such loans include a term providing for such option and such term-

(a) either has been approved by the Central Government before the issue of debentures or the raising of the loans, or is in conformity with the rules, if any, made by that Government in this behalf; and

(b) in the case of debentures or loans other than debentures issued to, or loans obtained from, the Government or any institution specified by the Central Government in this behalf, has also been approved by a special resolution passed by the company in general meeting before the issue of the debentures or the raising of the loans.]

6[(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the foregoing provisions of this section, where any debentures have been issued to, or loans have been obtained from, the Government by a company, whether such debentures have been issued or loans have been obtained before or after the commencement of the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1963, the Central Government may, if in its opinion it is necessary in the public interest so to do, by order, direct that such debentures or loans or any part thereof shall be converted into shares in the company on such terms and conditions as appear to that Government to be reasonable in the circumstances of the case, even if the terms of issue of such debentures or the terms of such loans do not include a term providing for an option for such conversion.

(5) In determining the terms and conditions of such conversion, the Central Government shall have due regard to the following circumstances, that is to say, the financial position of the company, the terms of issue of the debentures or the terms of the loans, as the case may be, the rate of interest payable on the debentures or the loans, the capital of the company, its loan liabilities, its reserves, its profits during the preceding five years and the current market price of the shares in the company.

(6) A copy of every order proposed to be issued by the Central Government under sub-section (4) shall be laid in draft before each House of Parliament while it is in session for a total period of thirty days which may be comprised in one session or in two or more successive sessions.

(7) If the terms and conditions of such conversion are not acceptable to the company, the company may, within thirty days from the date of communication to it of such order or within such further time as may be granted by the Court, prefer an appeal to the Court in regard to such terms and conditions and the decision of the Court on such appeal and, subject only to such decision, the order of the Central Government under sub-section (4) shall be final and conclusive.]

1. Substituted by Act 65 of 1960, sec. 24, for certain words (w.e.f.28-12-1960).

2. Substituted by Act 65 of 1960, sec. 24, for "new" (w.e.f. 28-12-1960).

3. Inserted by Act 65 of 1960, sec.24 (w.e.f. 28-12-1960).

4. Substituted by Act 65 of 1960, sec. 24, for sub-section (3) (w.e.f 28-12-1960).

5. Substituted by Act 53 of 1963, sec. 5, for for the proviso, (w.e.f. 1st. January, 1964).

6. Inserted by Act 53 of 1963, sec.5 (w.e.f. 1st. January, 1964).

 

 

 

ratnakar (operator)     21 January 2011

where no such specific determination is passed, if the votes gathering (whether on a conduct of keeping, or on a snip, as the person may be) in consider of the offer contained in the resolve stirred in that systemic breakfast (including the casting voting, if any of the Chairwoman) by members who, beingness entitled so to do, franchise in mortal, or where proxies are allowed, by procurator, exceed the votes, if any, assemblage against the offering by members so entitled and voting and the Center Government is slaked, on an use prefabricated by the Card of directors in this behalf,

_________________________

ratnakar

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ratnakar (operator)     21 January 2011

either has been approved by the Halfway Regime before the egress of debentures or the raising of the loans, or is in conventionalism with the rules, if any, prefabricated by that Government in this behalf;

____________________

ratnakar

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