raju
23 March 2025 at 22:33
That the shop keeper of electronic did not issued me bill and promised that he shall give within 1 to 2 days and payment in cash for the purchased item was done. The consumer messaged the Shop keeper on WhatsApp to send the invoice bill as the payment already done. My query is what remedy available and how purchase bill can be obtained from the Shop keeper. Please advise.
shyam lal
20 February 2025 at 07:49
Does a vacation judge of session /high/trial court have the power to grant bail in a criminal /Pocso cases
bharat khatwani
09 February 2025 at 11:24
I wish to present my case in court without the assistance of an advocate, i.e., as a party in person. My tenant has sent me a legal notice without any legal merit, seemingly with the intention of extorting money before vacating the rented property. Interestingly, all his sons, who were living nearby, have sold their properties, and as tenant is 95 years old he can not live alone in that house . Could you please guide me on whether there are any courses or resources available online to help me prepare effectively for presenting my case in court?
bharat khatwani
02 February 2025 at 14:20
I have been told that a case for malicious prosecution can be filed when someone intentionally uses the legal system to harm or harass another party without reasonable grounds. In your case, the tenant's baseless legal notice demanding rent equivalent to 120 years' worth based on a 25-year-old false oral agreement could qualify as malicious prosecution if certain conditions are met. PLEASE OPINE.
raju
26 January 2025 at 13:27
THAT SETTLEMENT COMPROMISED BY SIGNED IN THE PRESENCE OF POLICE AUTHORITIES AND THE OPPOSITE PARTY ALSO SIGNED. NOW THE OPPOSITE PARTY DID NOT ISSUE THE CHEQUES OF WAGES SALARY WHEREIN SAME WRITTEN IN THE SETTLEMENT THAT CHEQUES ISSUED. ALTHOUGH IT IS BREACH OF TRUST AND HOW CAN IT BE PROVED THAT THE OP DID NOT ISSUE THE CHEQUES TO OTHER PARTY AND WILL IT HAVE ANY EFFECT IN CIVIL CASES PENDING. PLEASE ADVICE
gk
14 January 2025 at 20:33
Dear Experts,
Pranam🙏
The term possession is bit confusing among the owners of our Apartments.
A1. Actually what is exactly the definition or meaning of "Possession" in the case of Apartments?
A2. Whether in Apartments property related issues (legal or not) the interpretation of the word 'possession' is different than the word/terminology used as "legal possession" OR "possession in legal terms" ?
A3. I guess possession is exactly associated with a date. Whether this date is the Registration date of that particular flat? OR the ownership transferred date (from the builder/developer to owner)?
A4. In case of a legal dispute, which date will be considered as the date of possession?
NB: Please note, that our builder is not fixed a date for the possession, he just handed over the keys on different dates to each owner - I mean there was not a possession hand over date in our case.
A5. RERA norms or any other State LSGD property Rules specifying a five year terms of guarantee by the builders to the owners as I understand? From which date, the five year terms of guarantee will commence? From this date of possession or registration?
We have some issues with our builder related to the RERA/PMC property norms, in that case how can we consider a particular "date of possession/hand over of flat" which has not been carried out officially?
Anticipating your valuable opinions /advice please.
(The Apartment/property is in Kerala)
Yours faithfully
kvg
bharat khatwani
11 November 2024 at 22:56
WA message of friend and opine Do you think that advocate is unethical?..............A fraudulent lady seeks partition on our property ignoring us to be included as respondents while we're in possession and occupation of the property. It is the bounden duty of the claimant to prove the fact and the law clearly mentions it. While so, the lawyer takes up the case and drags the suit for decades. Though the court gave its verdict saying that it is fictitious case, the court did not say a word about the advocate who dragged the suit for nearly 10 years. Unless the lawyer who takes up the fictitious case is punished by the court, the number of cases will be getting piled up and it is an absurd judicial system.
bharat khatwani
04 November 2024 at 09:54
I sought legal opinion on above subject. If you have contra view pl. elaborate...the principles outlined in an advocate’s duty to justice apply to the pre-litigation stage also, including the drafting and issuance of legal notices. While
legal notices are not part of formal court proceedings, they are often the first step in legal disputes and can significantly influence the course of the
case and the behavior of the parties involved. Courts and professional standards expect advocates to act ethically at this stage, as their duty to
justice and fair dealing extends beyond the courtroom. Here are some points on how these duties apply to pre-litigation:
**Duty of Honesty and Integrity:
Just as in court proceedings, an advocate is expected to uphold honesty and integrity in pre-litigation communications, including legal notices.
Case Reference: In D.P. Chadha v. Triyugi Narain Mishra (2001), the Supreme Court held that an advocate's ethical duty transcends court procedures and
that any conduct likely to mislead or distort the truth constitutes professional misconduct, regardless of the stage of the proceedings.
**Avoidance of Frivolous or Malicious Claims:
Advocates should avoid sending legal notices with baseless, exaggerated, or malicious claims simply to intimidate or pressure the opposing party.
Misusing legal notices to harass or deceive goes against the advocate’s duty to justice.
Case Reference: In Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004), the Supreme Court stressed that all actions, even outside the courtroom, should
further the interests of justice and truth. This applies equally to the content of legal notices, as advocates are expected to refrain from behavior that
might lead to a miscarriage of justice.
**Duty to Provide Sound Legal Advice:
During the pre-litigation stage, advocates have a duty to give honest, balanced advice to their clients about the merits of the case. This includes
avoiding the temptation to make false promises or inflate claims just to appease or retain clients.
Case Reference: In S. Jafri v. Union of India (2011), the Supreme Court emphasized that advocates must uphold justice, even if it conflicts with client
demands, and not advise or draft documents that could lead to unfair legal actions.
**Ethical Drafting of Legal Notices:
Legal notices should accurately reflect the client’s legitimate claims and should be drafted in a way that is fair and just, without resorting to threats,
inflammatory language, or exaggeration.
Case Reference: The principles from State of Punjab v. Brijeshwar Singh Chahal (2016) emphasize that advocates should avoid using deceptive or manipulative
language in any formal or informal communication, as it undermines the legal profession’s commitment to justice.
**Professional Conduct Rules:
The Bar Council of India Rules under the Advocates Act, 1961 outline professional conduct obligations for advocates, including pre-litigation actions.
Rule 4 and Rule 5, for example, underscore that advocates must act with dignity, fairness, and honesty and should not engage in actions that mislead or
deceive.
Misleading or dishonest pre-litigation notices could therefore be grounds for disciplinary action, as they violate these professional standards.
**Conclusion
An advocate’s duty to justice, honesty, and integrity certainly applies to the pre-litigation stage. Legal notices should reflect genuine legal claims,
avoid exaggeration, and be drafted with respect for the principles of fairness and truth. Misuse of legal notices could constitute professional misconduct,
as the ethical obligations of advocates are not limited to the courtroom but extend to all actions taken in their professional capacity.
After reading this opinion ,I asked:
are there instances where bar council penalized advocates for Misleading or dishonest pre-litigation ?
Yes, there have been instances where Bar Councils in India have penalized advocates for misleading or dishonest conduct during the pre-litigation stage.
The Bar Council of India (BCI) and various State Bar Councils are empowered under the Advocates Act, 1961, to take disciplinary action against advocates
for professional misconduct, which includes unethical behavior before formal court proceedings commence.
**Relevant Provisions:
Section 35 of the Advocates Act, 1961: Empowers State Bar Councils to refer cases of alleged misconduct to their disciplinary committees. If an advocate
is found guilty, penalties can range from reprimand to suspension or even removal from the roll of advocates.
Bar Council of India Rules: These rules outline standards of professional conduct and etiquette, emphasizing that advocates must uphold the dignity and
integrity of the profession at all times, including during pre-litigation activities.
Case Example:
In the case of P.N. Vignesh v. Chairman and Members of the Bar Council (2024), the Madras High Court addressed the issue of advocates advertising their
services through online platforms, which was deemed a violation of professional conduct rules. The court directed the Bar Council of India to take
disciplinary action against such advocates, highlighting that even pre-litigation conduct, such as solicitation of clients through advertisements, can
amount to professional misconduct.
Key Points:
Misleading Clients: If an advocate provides false or exaggerated claims in legal notices or during client consultations before litigation, it can be
considered professional misconduct.
Unethical Solicitation: Engaging in solicitation of clients through advertisements or other means not permitted by professional conduct rules, even before
formal litigation begins, is subject to disciplinary action.
Disciplinary Actions: Penalties for such misconduct can include reprimands, suspension of the right to practice, or removal from the roll of advocates,
depending on the severity of the offense.
These measures underscore the legal profession's commitment to maintaining ethical standards at all stages of legal practice, including pre-litigation
activities. P.S. I NEED CASELAWS MENTIONED ABOVE
bharat khatwani
06 October 2024 at 19:54
WHAT ARE CHALLENGES OF FILING CASE UNDER SECTION 211 OF IPC?
Read more at: https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/experts/modify_message.asp?entry_id=936115Pl. check out legal opinion on baseless Legal notice and law and opine.
Read more at: https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/experts/ask_query.aspa baseless legal notice itself, while not necessarily leading to a court case, can also be considered a misuse of the legal process if it’s meant to intimidate or harass the recipient.
When it comes to baseless legal notices, while there might not be specific case law focusing purely on legal notices as standalone documents, the broader principles of abuse of process, malicious prosecution, and frivolous claims can apply if a notice is sent with no legal basis. These notices often serve as a precursor to a potential lawsuit, and the intent behind them can bring them within the purview of judicial scrutiny.
Here are some concepts and case laws that touch on baseless claims or notices and their misuse:
1. Bajaj Auto Ltd. v. TVS Motor Company Ltd. (2008) 6 SCC 431
Summary: In this case, the Supreme Court of India discussed the issue of abusive legal strategies, particularly involving frivolous claims and intimidation tactics through legal notices.
Ruling: The court condemned the use of legal notices that were primarily aimed at harassing the other party and making unreasonable demands without legal backing.
Significance: The ruling made it clear that even the issuance of baseless legal notices can lead to misuse of legal process charges if it can be proven that the intent was to harass or intimidate.
2. CIT vs. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala (2002) 1 SCC 633
Summary: In this case, the court examined the misuse of judicial or quasi-judicial powers through issuing notices that had no legal basis, discussing the potential abuse of process through administrative or legal notices.
Ruling: The court emphasized that notices issued without legal basis and with a malicious intent can be penalized. While this was a tax-related case, the principles apply broadly to the issuance of baseless legal notices.
Significance: This case establishes that even the issuance of a notice must be rooted in proper legal authority, and failure to do so could lead to sanctions or penalties.
3. Amritlal Goverdhan Lalan v. State of Gujarat (1999) 8 SCC 613
Summary: This case addressed harassment through legal notices in a property dispute where baseless and false claims were made in the legal notice to coerce the opposite party.
Ruling: The court criticized the practice of sending notices that have no factual or legal basis as a malicious tactic designed to pressure the other party into submission.
Significance: It serves as an example of the court condemning the practice of using legal notices as tools for harassment when they are not backed by legitimate claims.
4. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Union of India (2014) 1 SCC 258
Summary: Although this case primarily dealt with commercial matters, the court discussed how legal notices with no proper legal foundation are often used as a strategic tool for harassment.
Ruling: The court pointed out that legal notices that serve no legitimate purpose and are not grounded in law can be considered an abuse of legal procedures, even if they don’t lead to immediate litigation.
Significance: This ruling shows that abusive or baseless notices can be sanctioned by the courts as a misuse of process.
5. Canara Bank v. N.G. Subbaraya Setty (2018) 16 SCC 228
Summary: The case dealt with harassment and frivolous demands made through notices, which were used to intimidate the recipient.
Ruling: The court strongly condemned the use of frivolous demands through legal notices and noted that such tactics could amount to an abuse of the legal system.
Significance: This case reaffirms that even if a case doesn’t make it to court, the misuse of legal notices can still be penalized.
6. Satish Kumar & Others v. Surinder Kumar & Others (2006) 2 SCC 367
Summary: The court addressed a situation where one party used a legal notice to make inflated and false claims regarding property ownership, attempting to coerce the other party into a settlement.
Ruling: The court dismissed the subsequent case based on these false claims and imposed costs on the party that sent the baseless legal notice and pursued the false claims.
Significance: This judgment underlines that sending a baseless legal notice with the intent to mislead or extract unreasonable demands can backfire if the notice escalates into a court case.
IPC Section 211:
If the baseless legal notice eventually leads to false criminal charges being filed against the recipient, the sender could potentially be prosecuted under Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code for false charges with intent to cause injury. This section penalizes individuals who institute criminal proceedings based on false information.
Conclusion:
While there may not be a significant number of reported cases solely dealing with baseless legal notices, courts have repeatedly emphasized that using legal notices to harass, intimidate, or extract unreasonable sums is unacceptable and can be treated as an abuse of legal process. If these notices lead to malicious litigation or unjustified demands, the parties responsible could face penalties, punitive costs, and even criminal prosecution under certain circumstances. WHAT ARE CHALLENGES OF FILING CASE UNDER SECTION 211 OF IPC?
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Settlement in civil case
The petitioner and respondent entered in settlement compromised outside the court in pending civil case ongoing as petitioner was under pressure from as respondent very influence and approachable within local limits as well with police. Query is requested from experts that can respondent advocate in court dictate or compel the petitioner to give statement as per his whims and choice. Please advice in the interest of justice and law.