Raise the Bar for Justice
Mythili Bhusnurmath
Monday September 03, 2012, 11:32 AM
An independent and accountable judiciary is the best safeguard of citizens’ rights in a democracy
The judiciary is (once again ?) in the eye of the storm. First we had West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee allege that court judgments can be bought. Soon after, we saw former finance minister and senior BJP leader Yashwant Sinha allege the Centre is ‘managing’ appointments to the higher judiciary by confirming the appointment of only those judges who are likely to give favourable judgments. Both statements — together with the Chief Justice of India (CJI) S H Kapadia’s statement cautioning the government against doing anything that would interfere with the independence of the judiciary — have put the spotlight firmly on the judiciary.
Add to that the Committee of Secretaries’ recommendation for hiking reservation in the proposed Indian Judicial Service from 25% to 50% — never mind that ‘reservation’ in the judicial services is contrary to the very idea of justice! — and it is clear it will be a while before the judiciary is back to being the least public of the three branches of the state: the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In theory, all three are equal. In practice, according to Alexander Hamilton, a Founding Father of the US and one of its first constitutional lawyers, the judiciary is the weakest branch of the state as it has “neither sword nor purse” .
Yet, till recently, few in India would have agreed with Hamilton’s view of the judiciary. It might not have had sword or purse but it made for that with an abundance of courage and independence and had men of rare calibre and integrity. If democracy has taken root in India, unlike in Pakistan or Bangladesh, it is in no small measure because we had people like Justice Hans Raj Khanna. His decisive vote in the landmark Keshvanand Bharati case — where the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution to alter its basic structure — has not only ring-fenced the fundamental rights of citizens but also ensured there can be no subversion of democracy by a future rapacious state. His subsequent stand in the ADM Jabalpur case during the Emergency was equally admirable . He alone among the five judge Bench had the courage to dissent against the majority judgment that upheld the suspension of Fundamental Rights during the Emergency, a stand that was vindicated by the Supreme Court 34 years later.
If, since then, the judiciary’s image has been dented, part of the reason lies with the judiciary itself. As a result, the judiciary today is often seen as no less corrupt and, what is worse , as less accountable. Yet, the CJI, in urging the government to ensure that independence is not sacrificed at the altar of accountability, was only reiterating a principle that lies at the very heart of our Constitution: the separation of powers between the executive , the legislature and the judiciary. He was also speaking on behalf of every citizen of this country for whom access to court and judicial review are the final refuge against the excesses of the other two arms of the state. However, since his remarks came at a time when Parliament is close to passing the Judicial Standards and Accountability Bill that seeks to replace the old Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968, and ensure better accountability of the higher judiciary , many are likely to look askance at the CJI’s remarks.
Is the judiciary apprehensive of what may happen when the present convoluted process — under which judges of high court and the Supreme Court can be removed from office only through impeachment — is replaced by the mechanism envisaged in the Bill? Since the Bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha and is pending in the Rajya Sabha, could the CJI be mounting a rear-guard action to ensure that judicial accountability remains only on paper? After all, not a single judge has been impeached to date and it can be nobody’s case that there is no corruption in the ranks of the higher judiciary. It is, therefore, good that the CJI has clarified he is not against judicial accountability . He merely wants accountability to be balanced with judicial independence so that the independence of the judiciary is not compromised. This is essential to preserve the system of checks and balances envisaged by the Constitutionmakers and ensure that no single arm of state becomes so powerful that it is no longer subservient to the ultimate authority : the Constitution of India.
Winston Churchill, the larger-than-life British Prime Minister during the Second World War put it well, “The independence of the courts is, to all of us, the guarantee of freedom and the equal rule of law… It must, therefore, be the first concern of the citizens of a free country to preserve and maintain the independence of the courts of justice, however inconvenient that independence may be, on occasion, to the government of the day.” Churchill’s remarks were made in the context of President Franklin D Roosevelt’s run-ins with the US Supreme Court that repeatedly struck down many of his New Deal programmes as contrary to the US Constitution.
To his thinking , it was incredible that in the US (as in India), and unlike in the UK, “anyone may bring a test case challenging not merely the interpretation of a law, but the law itself, and if the court decides for the appellant, be he only an owner of a few chickens, (and) the whole action of the legislature and the executive becomes to that extent null and void” . In India, where courts have stepped in innumerable times to protect the rights of citizens against the state, we need the confidence that courts can rule for the ‘owner of a few chicken’ without fear or favour even against an all-powerful state. But for that, the judiciary must first clean its own stables. Accountability and independence are not mutually exclusive
(This article is from The Economics Times Blog)