Anonymous
20 November 2024 at 16:45
Hello,
I had filed cases for desertion, maintenence, domestic violence, FIR against husband. 8 years passed. Last year he filed divorce to be contested. Also initially his parents had filed civil suit for me to leave their house. Reason stating son is not living there and later disowned ,while all three were in conivence. They had demanded dowry of 55 lacks after marriage to maintain marriage to which i denied. They hit me , tried to kill.and then filed civil suit to leave house. The cases ongoing. I live with my parents. I have been in depression due to this. I was getting interim maintenance and since he was diagosed with cancer i withdrew cases.but he passed away this year. During these years i completed my studies.i did mba and now pursuing Law.Inspite of being on depression medication since all these years. my advocate told that i have no rights now and that only cases will go on for years.i lived in my parents home but my brother is violent.so i live in another accomodation provided by parents.i am 46 years old.my question is do i have any right as a widow ? I read law doesnt support widow rights .
bharat khatwani
11 November 2024 at 22:56
WA message of friend and opine Do you think that advocate is unethical?..............A fraudulent lady seeks partition on our property ignoring us to be included as respondents while we're in possession and occupation of the property. It is the bounden duty of the claimant to prove the fact and the law clearly mentions it. While so, the lawyer takes up the case and drags the suit for decades. Though the court gave its verdict saying that it is fictitious case, the court did not say a word about the advocate who dragged the suit for nearly 10 years. Unless the lawyer who takes up the fictitious case is punished by the court, the number of cases will be getting piled up and it is an absurd judicial system.
bharat khatwani
04 November 2024 at 09:54
I sought legal opinion on above subject. If you have contra view pl. elaborate...the principles outlined in an advocate’s duty to justice apply to the pre-litigation stage also, including the drafting and issuance of legal notices. While
legal notices are not part of formal court proceedings, they are often the first step in legal disputes and can significantly influence the course of the
case and the behavior of the parties involved. Courts and professional standards expect advocates to act ethically at this stage, as their duty to
justice and fair dealing extends beyond the courtroom. Here are some points on how these duties apply to pre-litigation:
**Duty of Honesty and Integrity:
Just as in court proceedings, an advocate is expected to uphold honesty and integrity in pre-litigation communications, including legal notices.
Case Reference: In D.P. Chadha v. Triyugi Narain Mishra (2001), the Supreme Court held that an advocate's ethical duty transcends court procedures and
that any conduct likely to mislead or distort the truth constitutes professional misconduct, regardless of the stage of the proceedings.
**Avoidance of Frivolous or Malicious Claims:
Advocates should avoid sending legal notices with baseless, exaggerated, or malicious claims simply to intimidate or pressure the opposing party.
Misusing legal notices to harass or deceive goes against the advocate’s duty to justice.
Case Reference: In Zahira Habibulla H. Sheikh v. State of Gujarat (2004), the Supreme Court stressed that all actions, even outside the courtroom, should
further the interests of justice and truth. This applies equally to the content of legal notices, as advocates are expected to refrain from behavior that
might lead to a miscarriage of justice.
**Duty to Provide Sound Legal Advice:
During the pre-litigation stage, advocates have a duty to give honest, balanced advice to their clients about the merits of the case. This includes
avoiding the temptation to make false promises or inflate claims just to appease or retain clients.
Case Reference: In S. Jafri v. Union of India (2011), the Supreme Court emphasized that advocates must uphold justice, even if it conflicts with client
demands, and not advise or draft documents that could lead to unfair legal actions.
**Ethical Drafting of Legal Notices:
Legal notices should accurately reflect the client’s legitimate claims and should be drafted in a way that is fair and just, without resorting to threats,
inflammatory language, or exaggeration.
Case Reference: The principles from State of Punjab v. Brijeshwar Singh Chahal (2016) emphasize that advocates should avoid using deceptive or manipulative
language in any formal or informal communication, as it undermines the legal profession’s commitment to justice.
**Professional Conduct Rules:
The Bar Council of India Rules under the Advocates Act, 1961 outline professional conduct obligations for advocates, including pre-litigation actions.
Rule 4 and Rule 5, for example, underscore that advocates must act with dignity, fairness, and honesty and should not engage in actions that mislead or
deceive.
Misleading or dishonest pre-litigation notices could therefore be grounds for disciplinary action, as they violate these professional standards.
**Conclusion
An advocate’s duty to justice, honesty, and integrity certainly applies to the pre-litigation stage. Legal notices should reflect genuine legal claims,
avoid exaggeration, and be drafted with respect for the principles of fairness and truth. Misuse of legal notices could constitute professional misconduct,
as the ethical obligations of advocates are not limited to the courtroom but extend to all actions taken in their professional capacity.
After reading this opinion ,I asked:
are there instances where bar council penalized advocates for Misleading or dishonest pre-litigation ?
Yes, there have been instances where Bar Councils in India have penalized advocates for misleading or dishonest conduct during the pre-litigation stage.
The Bar Council of India (BCI) and various State Bar Councils are empowered under the Advocates Act, 1961, to take disciplinary action against advocates
for professional misconduct, which includes unethical behavior before formal court proceedings commence.
**Relevant Provisions:
Section 35 of the Advocates Act, 1961: Empowers State Bar Councils to refer cases of alleged misconduct to their disciplinary committees. If an advocate
is found guilty, penalties can range from reprimand to suspension or even removal from the roll of advocates.
Bar Council of India Rules: These rules outline standards of professional conduct and etiquette, emphasizing that advocates must uphold the dignity and
integrity of the profession at all times, including during pre-litigation activities.
Case Example:
In the case of P.N. Vignesh v. Chairman and Members of the Bar Council (2024), the Madras High Court addressed the issue of advocates advertising their
services through online platforms, which was deemed a violation of professional conduct rules. The court directed the Bar Council of India to take
disciplinary action against such advocates, highlighting that even pre-litigation conduct, such as solicitation of clients through advertisements, can
amount to professional misconduct.
Key Points:
Misleading Clients: If an advocate provides false or exaggerated claims in legal notices or during client consultations before litigation, it can be
considered professional misconduct.
Unethical Solicitation: Engaging in solicitation of clients through advertisements or other means not permitted by professional conduct rules, even before
formal litigation begins, is subject to disciplinary action.
Disciplinary Actions: Penalties for such misconduct can include reprimands, suspension of the right to practice, or removal from the roll of advocates,
depending on the severity of the offense.
These measures underscore the legal profession's commitment to maintaining ethical standards at all stages of legal practice, including pre-litigation
activities. P.S. I NEED CASELAWS MENTIONED ABOVE
shyam lal
27 October 2024 at 20:41
Uttrakhand UCC will be applicable if an individual dies without making a will (intestate succession). If there is a will, then the UCC laws on inheritance will not apply.
Query..is the same UCC laws applicable to "family settlement" .as applicable to the will.
Pushpalatha H
25 October 2024 at 13:36
Original title deed is lost. Original document is damaged beyond recognition in Registry office so certified copy cannot be granted by Registry office. How to get certified copy of the title deed? What is the procedure for getting the title deed?
shyam lal
17 October 2024 at 10:21
The unregistered family settlement pertaining to undivided immovable property clearly mentioned that the property is to be equally divided 50.percetage each.
. Query. 5years have passed one of the share holders is refusing to demarcate his share on paper there by denying the other share holder to sell his share to a third party..what is legal way out.
raju
07 October 2024 at 21:40
That an employee raised his voice against the doctor of private eye centre as he was using expired IOL and charging excess amount from the patients. The doctor due to grudge and vindictive removed terminated hom without any inquiry and also withheld his salary. The employee filed complaint against the doctor for unethical malpractice to ECHS who stated that they found no malpractice during investigation which is totally biased just to save the doctor. My query is can the ex-employee approach the court in the interest of patients and public against the doctor or any remedy.Please advise.
bharat khatwani
06 October 2024 at 19:54
WHAT ARE CHALLENGES OF FILING CASE UNDER SECTION 211 OF IPC?
Read more at: https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/experts/modify_message.asp?entry_id=936115Pl. check out legal opinion on baseless Legal notice and law and opine.
Read more at: https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/experts/ask_query.aspa baseless legal notice itself, while not necessarily leading to a court case, can also be considered a misuse of the legal process if it’s meant to intimidate or harass the recipient.
When it comes to baseless legal notices, while there might not be specific case law focusing purely on legal notices as standalone documents, the broader principles of abuse of process, malicious prosecution, and frivolous claims can apply if a notice is sent with no legal basis. These notices often serve as a precursor to a potential lawsuit, and the intent behind them can bring them within the purview of judicial scrutiny.
Here are some concepts and case laws that touch on baseless claims or notices and their misuse:
1. Bajaj Auto Ltd. v. TVS Motor Company Ltd. (2008) 6 SCC 431
Summary: In this case, the Supreme Court of India discussed the issue of abusive legal strategies, particularly involving frivolous claims and intimidation tactics through legal notices.
Ruling: The court condemned the use of legal notices that were primarily aimed at harassing the other party and making unreasonable demands without legal backing.
Significance: The ruling made it clear that even the issuance of baseless legal notices can lead to misuse of legal process charges if it can be proven that the intent was to harass or intimidate.
2. CIT vs. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala (2002) 1 SCC 633
Summary: In this case, the court examined the misuse of judicial or quasi-judicial powers through issuing notices that had no legal basis, discussing the potential abuse of process through administrative or legal notices.
Ruling: The court emphasized that notices issued without legal basis and with a malicious intent can be penalized. While this was a tax-related case, the principles apply broadly to the issuance of baseless legal notices.
Significance: This case establishes that even the issuance of a notice must be rooted in proper legal authority, and failure to do so could lead to sanctions or penalties.
3. Amritlal Goverdhan Lalan v. State of Gujarat (1999) 8 SCC 613
Summary: This case addressed harassment through legal notices in a property dispute where baseless and false claims were made in the legal notice to coerce the opposite party.
Ruling: The court criticized the practice of sending notices that have no factual or legal basis as a malicious tactic designed to pressure the other party into submission.
Significance: It serves as an example of the court condemning the practice of using legal notices as tools for harassment when they are not backed by legitimate claims.
4. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Union of India (2014) 1 SCC 258
Summary: Although this case primarily dealt with commercial matters, the court discussed how legal notices with no proper legal foundation are often used as a strategic tool for harassment.
Ruling: The court pointed out that legal notices that serve no legitimate purpose and are not grounded in law can be considered an abuse of legal procedures, even if they don’t lead to immediate litigation.
Significance: This ruling shows that abusive or baseless notices can be sanctioned by the courts as a misuse of process.
5. Canara Bank v. N.G. Subbaraya Setty (2018) 16 SCC 228
Summary: The case dealt with harassment and frivolous demands made through notices, which were used to intimidate the recipient.
Ruling: The court strongly condemned the use of frivolous demands through legal notices and noted that such tactics could amount to an abuse of the legal system.
Significance: This case reaffirms that even if a case doesn’t make it to court, the misuse of legal notices can still be penalized.
6. Satish Kumar & Others v. Surinder Kumar & Others (2006) 2 SCC 367
Summary: The court addressed a situation where one party used a legal notice to make inflated and false claims regarding property ownership, attempting to coerce the other party into a settlement.
Ruling: The court dismissed the subsequent case based on these false claims and imposed costs on the party that sent the baseless legal notice and pursued the false claims.
Significance: This judgment underlines that sending a baseless legal notice with the intent to mislead or extract unreasonable demands can backfire if the notice escalates into a court case.
IPC Section 211:
If the baseless legal notice eventually leads to false criminal charges being filed against the recipient, the sender could potentially be prosecuted under Section 211 of the Indian Penal Code for false charges with intent to cause injury. This section penalizes individuals who institute criminal proceedings based on false information.
Conclusion:
While there may not be a significant number of reported cases solely dealing with baseless legal notices, courts have repeatedly emphasized that using legal notices to harass, intimidate, or extract unreasonable sums is unacceptable and can be treated as an abuse of legal process. If these notices lead to malicious litigation or unjustified demands, the parties responsible could face penalties, punitive costs, and even criminal prosecution under certain circumstances. WHAT ARE CHALLENGES OF FILING CASE UNDER SECTION 211 OF IPC?
bharat khatwani
26 September 2024 at 09:11
I am seeking your insights and advice regarding an ongoing dispute with my tenant, legal notice sent by him, which I believe contains inflated and
baseless claims.This notice do not have usual para about intent of legal action in case of non compliance. Here’s a brief overview of the situation to provide context:
Background:
I own the property located in Ahmedabad,Gujarat, where he has been
a tenant since 1978.. Recently, he sent a legal notice demanding an amount equivalent to 150 years' rent, largely based on an alleged 24-year-old oral
agreement with my late father concerning repairs and renovations. Notably, he has not raised these issues during the last 24 years.Moreover, the tenant has attempted to escalate the situation by threatening that if I do not carry out significant repairs, I could be held liable for any
accidents that may occur on the property. This threat appears to be an intimidation tactic designed to coerce compliance with his excessive demands.
The notice lacks supporting documentation and fails to mention any legal clause for non-compliance. In good faith, I responded despite the deficiencies
and inconsistencies in his claims.
Key Points of Concern:
Harassment through False Claims: The legal notice includes unsubstantiated demands based on a time-barred agreement that cannot be enforced under the Limitation Act, 1963.
Rent Act Violations: The tenant has claimed unauthorized repairs and has made false assertions about regular rent payments, despite evidence showing multiple defaults over the past four years.
Coercive Tactics: The threats regarding liability for accidents seem designed to intimidate and pressure me into compliance.
Legal Action:
In light of these circumstances, I am in the process of formally terminating the tenancy. I plan to send a termination notice highlighting the breaches
and requesting the tenant to vacate the premises within 60 days. The notice will also address unauthorized constructions and the requirement to settle outstanding bills before vacating.
Questions for the Community:
Based on the described circumstances, do you believe the tenant's claims can be classified as harassment?
What legal remedies should I consider pursuing against these baseless demands and threats?
Would it be advisable to file a counterclaim for harassment or seek a declaratory judgment regarding the tenancy termination?
I appreciate any guidance or insights you can offer regarding my legal rights and options moving forward.
Thank you for your assistance! P.S. I have provided all relevant documents to a local advocate and will be meeting with them next week. Before this meeting, I want to gather diverse perspectives and insights from advocates in the community. Your feedback will help me better
understand my legal options and prepare effectively for my discussion. Thank you for your input!
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How to remove other right from agricultural land
I am owner of agricultural land. 7/12 is on my name but my sister and aunt name as other right. Pls guide me how to remove there name from my land